“Göçmen İstekleri” Yaklaşımı Işığında Beykoz, Karasu Mahallesi’ndeki Refakatsiz Afgan Göçmen Çocukların Yaşamlarını Sürdürme Mücadeleleri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2 - Yaratıcı Endüstriler ve Yaratıcı Emek, 416 - 440, 15.12.2018

Nihan Bozok Mehmet Bozok

https://doi.org/10.17572/mj2018.2.416440

Cited By: 10

Öz

Bu makale, İstanbul, Beykoz Karasu Mahallesi’nde yaşamlarını sürdüren refakatsiz Afgan göçmen çocukların hayatlarını sürdürme deneyimlerini tartışmaktadır. Makaleye kaynaklık eden veri, 2015 Temmuz - 2017 Ağustos arasında, Afgan göçmen çocuklar ve Karasu Mahallesi’nin daha eski sakinleriyle yapılmış derinlemesine görüşmelerden oluşan, niteliksel bir araştırmanın sonuçlarına dayanmaktadır. Makale, kuramsal olarak “göçmen istekleri” yaklaşımını benimsemektedir. Göç çalışmaları alanında yeni bir yaklaşım olan “göçmen istekleri”, göçmenleri varılan ülke açısından bir entegrasyon sorunu olarak ele almak yerine, göç eden aktörleri göç deneyiminin aktif özneleri olarak görmeyi önerir. Bu çerçeveden bakan bu makale, Karasu Mahallesi’ndeki refakatsiz Afgan göçmen çocukları, öncelikle, göç etmeye karar veren aktif özneler olarak görmeyi önermektedir. İkinci olarak, Afgan göçmen çocukları göçle geldikleri mahallede uygun sosyal mesafeleri yakalayabilmek için pazarlık eden özneler olarak ele almaktadır. Son bölümde ise, göçmen çocuk işçiler olarak sömürülen bu çocukların, dahil oldukları emek pazarında hayatta kalabilmek için stratejiler geliştiren özneler olduklarını ortaya koymaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

refakatsiz göçmen çocuklar, Göçmen İstekleri Yaklaşımı, Afganistan’dan Türkiye’ye göç, zorunlu göç, göçmenlerin hayatta kalma stratejileri

Considering Survival of Unaccompanied Afghan Migrant Children in Beykoz, Karasu Neighborhood with “Migrant Aspirations” Perspective

Öz

This article discusses the survival experiences of unaccompanied Afghan migrant minors in Karasu Neighborhood, Beykoz, Istanbul. The qualitative fieldwork of this research was conducted between July 2015 and August 2017, making interviews with Afghan migrant minors and community dwellers. This article is theoretically grounded on the premises of “migrant aspirations” approach. As a new perspective in migration studies, rather than seeing migrants as a part of integration issues, “migrant aspirations” approach proposes considering the migrant as the active subject of migration experience. With that framework, this article proposes considering Afghan migrant minors in Karasu Neighborhood as the active decisionmakers of migration process. Secondly, it considers them as active subjects who make negotiations in order to manage proper social distances in the neighborhood. Lastly, it considers Afghan migrant children as subjects who develop strategies in order to survive in labor market, where they are exploited as unaccompanied child workers

Anahtar Kelimeler

unaccompanied migrant children, Migrant Aspirations Approach, migration from Afghanistan to Turkey, forced migration, survival strategies of migrants

Kaynakça

• Barfield, T. J. (2010). Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği (2018). Afghanistan. http://www.unhcr.org/afghanistan.html Erişim, 15.3.2018.
• Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği (1997). Guidelines on Policies and Procedures in dealing with Unaccompanied Children Seeking Asylum. http://www.unhcr.org/publications/legal/3d4f91cf4/guidelines-policies-procedures-dealing-unaccompanied-children-seeking-asylum.html
• Erişim, 18.3.2018.
• Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Yüksek Komiserliği (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf
• Erişim, 18.3.2018
• Boland, K. (2010). Children on the Move: A Report on Children of Afghan Origin Moving to Western Countries. UNICEF.
• Bozok, M. ve Bozok, N. (2018). “The Household, the Street and the Labor Market: Masculinities and Homosocial Solidarity Networks of Afghan Migrant Boys in a Squatter Neighborhood in Istanbul”. NORMA: Nordic Journal for Masculinity Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2018.1519241 (Online yayımlanma tarihi 7.09.2018).
• Bozok, N. ve Bozok, M. (13–15 Temmuz 2016). Enforced Adulthood After Post-War Migration: Unaccompanied Male Afghan Child Asylum Seekers in Karasu Neighborhood, Istanbul. Bildiriler kitabında yayımlanmış sunum. Children and War: Past and Present Third International Multidisciplinary Conference. University of Wolverhampton ve University of Salzburg. Salzburg, Avusturya.
• Carling, J. (2002). Migration in the Age of Involuntary Immobility: Theoretical Reflections and Caper Verdean Experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28 (1). 5–42.
• Carling, J. (2008). The determinants of Migrant Remittances. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(3), 582–599.
• Carling, J. (2014). The Role of Aspirations in Migration. Determinants of International Migration’da sunulan tebliğ. Oxford, International Migration Institute, University of Oxford, 23–25 Eylül 2014.
• Carling, J. ve Collins, F. (2018). Aspiration, Desire and Drivers of Migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 44(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384134. 909-926.
• Castles, S. (2010). “Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36 (10), 1565–1586. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2010.489381
• Castles, S. ve Miller, J. M. (2008). Göçler Çağı: Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Collins, F. L. (2009). Transnationalism Unbound: Detailing New Subjects, Registers and Spatialities of Cross‐Border Lives. Geography Compass 3(1). 434–458 DOI:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00187.x
• de Haas, H. (2010a). Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. IMR 44(1), 227–264.
• de Haas, H. (2010b). The International Dynamics of Migration Process: A Theoretical Inquiry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1587-1617.
• de Haas, H. (2005). International Migration, Remittances And Development: Myths And Facts, Third World Quarterly, 26(8), 1269-1284.
• Douglas, M. (2007). Saflık ve Tehlike: Kirlilik ve Tabu Kavramlarının Bir Çözümlemesi. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
• Erdal, M. B. Ve Oeppen, C. (2018). Forced to Leave? The Discursive And Analytical Significance Of Describing Migration As Forced And Voluntary. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384149. 981-998.
• IOM (2014). Afghanistan: Migration Profile. Kabil: IOM.
• IOM (2011). Unaccompanied Children on the Move. Cenevre: IOM.
• IOM (2009). Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü. Cenevre: IOM.
• Lethen, H. (2017). Soğuk Temas: İki Savaş Arasında Almanya’da Yaşama Deneyleri ve Mesafe Kültürü. (Çev.) T. Birkan. İstanbul: Metis.
• Monsutti, A. (2008). Afghan Migratory Strategies and The Three Solutions to the Refugee Problem. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(1), 58-73.
• Monsutti, A. (2007). Migration as a Rite of Passage: Young Afghans Building Masculinity and Adulthood in Iran. Iranian Studies, 40(2), 167-185.
• Pul, A. (2013). 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı Sonrası Beykoz’da Muhacirler İçin İskân Yeri Çalışmaları. Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 15, 159-182.
• Rasanayagam, A. (2003). Afghanistan: A Modern History. Londra: I. B. Tauris.
• Runion, M. L. (2007). The History of Afghanistan. Westwood, Conneticut: Greenwood Press.
• Saikal, A. (2004). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. Londra: I. B. Tauris.
• Takis, A. (7.12.2015). Refugee crisis 2015: Chronicle of a Foretold Crisis. https://gr.boell.org/en/2015/12/07/refugee-crisis-2015-chronicle-foretold-crisis. Erişim, 10.8.2018.
• Van Hear, N.; Bakewell, O. ve Long, K. (2018). Push-Pull Plus: Reconsidering The Drivers of Migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 927-944 https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384135
• Van Heelsum, A. (2017). Aspirations and frustrations: experiences of recent refugees in the Netherlands. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(13), 2137-2150, DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2017.1343486
• Van Heelsum, A. (2016). Why migration will continue: aspirations and capabilities of Syrians and Ethiopians with different educational backgrounds. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(8), 1301-1309, DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2016.1159711
• Luna Vives, L. (2012). Fragmented Migrant (Her)Stories: Multi-sited Ethnography and Feminist Migration Research. (ss. 61-77). İçinde, Bonifacio, G. T. (der.), Feminism and Migration: Cross-Cultural Engagements. Dodrecht: Springer.
• Wahab, S. ve Youngerman, B. (2010). A Brief History of Afghanistan. New York: Facts on File.