Popülist Liderlerinin Başarısına Medya Sistemleri Perspektifinden Bir Bakış: Birleşik Krallık, Hollanda ve Türkiye Karşılaştırması

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 - Popülizm ve Medya, 38 - 74, 15.06.2019

Emre Erdoğan Tuğçe Erçetin

https://doi.org/10.17572//mj2019.1.3874

Cited By: 3

Öz

Popülist söylemlerin yaygınlaşmasında ve popülist hareketlerin başarısında medyanın önemli bir rolü olduğu göz ardı edilemez. Farklı bağlamlarda medyanın etkin kullanımı popülist aktörler için değişiklik gösterir. Bununla beraber, retorik ve eylemleri ile medyayı etkileyebildikleri gibi kimi zaman medyada çok fazla görünür olamayabilirler de. Bu noktada, makalemizin amacı popülist aktörlerin medyada neden/nasıl görünür oldukları (veya olamadıkları) ve medyayı nasıl kullandıklarını açıklamaktır. Hallin ve Mancini (2004) karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde medya sistemlerinden bahsederek, üç farklı modelde ülkeler arasındaki değişiklikleri anlatmaktadır. Liberal, demokratik korporatist ve kutuplaşmış çoğulcu modeller dört farklı boyutta birbirinden ayrılır: gazete endüstrisi, siyasal paralellik, profesyonellik ve devletin rolü. Bu makale de popülist aktörlerin medya kullanımlarını ve görünürlüklerini dört farklı boyutu göz önüne alarak medya sistemleri ile ilişkili olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda üç farklı modeli açıklamak için Birleşik Krallık, Hollanda ve Türkiye incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

popülizm, medya sistemleri, türkiye, birleşik krallık, hollanda

Looking to the Success of Populist Leaders from the Perspective of the Media Systems: A Comparison on the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Turkey

Öz

The role of media is not ignorable in relation to the expansion of populist discourse and achievement of populist movements. In different contexts, the active usage of media indicates differences for populist actors. Furthermore, the leaders can influence the media through their populist rhetoric and behaviours; on the one hand, they may not be visible as well. At this point, our article seeks to explain how and why populist actors become visible (or not) and use media efficiently. Hallin and Mancini (2004) has a comparative perspective on the media systems, clarifying differences among countries over three different models. Liberal, democratic corporatist and polarized pluralist models are distinguished with four dimensions, such as: media industry, political paralellism, professionalization, and the role of the state. This article argues that the media usage of populist leaders and their visibility are associated with the media systems, regarding to those mentioned four dimensions. Thus, three models are explained through the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

populism; media systems, Turkey, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands

Kaynakça

• Abts, K. ve Rummens, S. (2007). Populism versus democracy'. Political Studies, 55(2), 405-424.
• Akçay, Ü. (2018). Neoliberal populism in Turkey and its crisis’, Institute for International Political Economy Berlin, Working Paper, No100/2018.
• Akkerman, Mudde, ve Zaslove. (2014). How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1-30.
• Albertazzi, D. ve McDonnell, D. (2008). Twenty-first century populism: the spectre of Western European Democracy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Aslanidis, P. (2015). Is populism an ideology? a refutation and a new perspective. Political Studies, 64(15), 88-104.
• Bakker, BN., Roodujin, M. ve Schumacher, G. (2015). The psychological roots of populist voting: evidence from the United States, the Netherlands and Germany. European Journal of Political Research, 55, 302-320.
• Bale, T., van Kessel, S. ve Taggart, P. (2011). Thrown around with abandon? Popular understandings of populism as conveyed by the print media: A UK case study. Acta Politica, 46(2), 111-131.
• Barr, RR. (2009). Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics. Party Politics, 15, 29-48.
• Beckett, C. (2010). Globalisation, media, and UK communities. JRF Programme Paper.
• Betz, HG. (1994). Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Bos, L., ve K. Brants. (2014). Populist rhetoric in politics and media: A longitudinal study of the Netherlands. European Journal of Communication 29, 703–19.
• Brandenburg, H. (2006). Party strategy and media bias: A quantitative analysis of the 2005 UK election campaign. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. 16(2), 157-178.
• Brands, K. Ve Van Praag, P. (2006). Signs of media logic half a century of political communication in the Netherlands. Javnost, 13(1), 25-40.
• Brands, K. Vd. (2018). Social media sourcing practices: How Dutch newspapers use tweets in political news coverage. Springer.
• Brüggeman vd. (2014). Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of Western media systems. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037-1065.
• Bulut, S. Ve Karlidag, S. (2016). The effect on media polarization on contents: a study on the digital newspapers in Turkey. Athens: Atiners, Conference Paper Series.
• Caiani, M. ve Porta, D. (2010). Extreme right-wing and populism: a frame analysis of extreme right-wing discourses in Italy and Germany. Institute for Advanced Studies, Political Science Series 121, 15.
• Canovan, M. (1981). Populism. Harcourt Brace Javonavich.
• Canovan, M. (2005). Populism for political Ttheorists?', Journal of Political Ideologies, 9(3).
• Carroll, R. (2013). Comandante: Hugo Chavez’s Venezuela. New York: The Penguin Press.
• Çelik, A.B. ve Balta, E. (2018). Explaining the micro Dynamics of the populist cleavage in the ‘new’ Turkey. Mediterranean Politics,
• Dalen, A. vd. (2011). Suspicious minds: Explaining politicsl cynicism among political journalists in Europe. European Journal of Communication, 26(2).
• De la Torre, C. (2010). The populist seduction in Latin America, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
• Deacon, D. ve Wring, D. (2016). The UK Independence Party, populism and British news media. European Journal of Communication, 31(2).
• Deegan-Krause, K. ve Haughton, T. (2009). Toward a more useful conceptualization of populism: types and degrees of populist appeals in the case of Slovakia. Politics & Policy, 37(4), 821-841.
• Di Tella, T. (1997). Populism into the twenty-first century. Government and Opposition, 32(2), 187-200.
• Dinçşahin, Ş. (2012). A symptomatic analysis of Justice and Development Party's populism in Turkey, 2007-2010', Government and Opposition, 47(4), 618-640.
• Eijk, C. (2000). The Netherlands: media and politics between segmented pluralism and market forces. Cambridge: Cambridege University Press.
• Enyedi, Z. (2005). The role of agency in cleavage formation. European Journal of Political Research, 44(5), 697-720.
• Erçetin, T. ve Erdoğan, E. (2018). How Turkey’s repetitive elections affected the populist tone in the discourses of JDP leaders. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 44(4), 382-398.
• Esser vd. (2016). Populism and the media. (içinde). Populist political communication in Europe. New York: Routledge.
• Firmstone, J. (2016). Mapping changes in local news. Journalism Practice. 10(7), 928-938.
• Franchino F. ve Negri, F (2018). The fiscally moderate Italian populist voter: Evidence from a survey experiment’, Party Politics, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818761180.
• Freedman, D. (2018). Populism and media media policy failures. European Journal of Communication, 33(6), 604-618.
• Ford, R. ve Goodwin, M. (2014). Understanding UKIP: Identity, social change and the left behind. The Political Quarterly, 85(3), 277-284.
• Gidron, N. ve Bonikowski, B. (2013). Varieties of populism: literature review and research agenda. Working Paper Series, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 13.
• Güran, M. ve Özarslan, H. (2015). The failure of Turkish mainstream media: a framing comparison of the web versions of Turkish newspapers. Journal of Information Technology, 6(19), 42-56.
• Hajer, M. ve Versteeg, W. (2009). Political rhetoric in the Netherlands: reframing crises in the media. MPI.
• Hallin, D. Ve Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: The models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hallin, D. (2016). Typologies of media systems. Oxford Research Encylopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hawkins, K. (2003). Populism in Venezuela: the rise of Chavismo. Third World Quarterly, 24(6), 1137-1160.
• Hawkins, K. (2009). Is Chaves populist? Measuring populist discourse in comparative perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 42(8), 1042.
• Herkman, J. P. (2017). The Finns party: Euroscepticism, euro crisis, populism and the media. Media and Communication, 5, 1–10.
• Herrero vd. (2017). Rethinking Hallin and Mancini beyond the West: An analysis of media systems in Central and Eastern Europe. International Journal of Communication, 11, 4797-4823.
• Hobolt, S. (2016). The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(9), 1259-1277.
• Ignazi, P. (2003). Extreme right parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible: How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Jakubowicz, K. (2010). Community media: ‘flavour of the decade’ worldwide. Telematics and Informatics, 27(2), 119-121.
• Kaya, R. Ve Çakmur, B. (2011). Politics and mass media in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 11(4), 521-537.
• Kazin, M. (1995). The populist persuasion: an American history. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
• Kessel, S. (2011). Explaining the electoral performance of populist parties: the Netherlands as a case study. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 12(1), 68-88.
• Knight, A. (1998). Populism and neo-populism in Latin America, especially Mexico. Journal of Latin American Studies, 30(2), 223-248.
• Koopmans, R. ve Muis,J. (2009). The rise of right-wing populist Pim Fortuyn in the Netherlands: A discursive opportunity approach. European Journal of Political Research, 48(5), 642-664.
• Kramer, B. (2014). Media populism: A Conceptual clarification and some theses on its effects’, Communication Theory, 24(1), 42-60.
• Kriesi, H. (2014). The populist challenge. West European Politics, 37(2), 361-378.
• Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. London-New York: Verso.
• Lange, S. ve Art, D. (2011). Fortuyn versus Wilders. West European Politics, 34(6), 1229-1249.
• Lozada, M. (2014). ‘Us or Them? Social representations and imagineries of the other in Venezuela’, Papers on Social Representations, 23.1-21.
• Mazzoleni, G. (2008). Populism and the media’, in (Eds.) Albertazzi D. & McDonnell, D 2008, Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Mazzoleni, G., ve W. Schulz. (1999). Mediatization of politics: A challenge for democracy? Political Communication 16: 247–261.
• Moghaddam, F. (2014) Diktatörlüğün psikolojisi. İstanbul: 3P Yayıncılık.
• Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism: performance, political style, and representation. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Moffitt, B. (2017). Transnational populism? Representative claims, media and the difficulty of constructing a transnational people. Javnost: 1–16.
• Moffitt, B. ve Tormey, S. (2014). Rethinking populism: politics, mediatisation and political style’, Political Studies, 62(2), 381-397.
• Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541-563.
• Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Mudde, C. ve Kaltwasser, CR. (2011). Voices of the peoples: populism in Europe and Latin America compared. The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, Working Paper, 378.
• Murphy, J. ve Devine, D. (2018). Does media coverage rive public support for UKIP or does public support for UKIP drive media coverage? British Journal of Political Science.
• Müller, JW. (2016). What is populism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Norris, P. (2009). Comparative political communications: common frameworks or Babelian Confusion? Government and Opposition, 44(3), 321-340.
• Norris, P. ve Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Panizza, F. (2005). Populism and the mirror of democracy. London: Verso.
• Pareschi, A., ve A. Albertini. (2016). Immigration, elites and the European Union: How UKIP frames its populist discourse. Paper presented at the ECPR Workshop: The Causes of Populism: Cross-Regional and Cross-Disciplinary Approaches.
• Praag, P. vd. (2011). The new cultural cleavage: Immigration and the challenge to Dutch politics and media. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Rooduijn, M. (2014). Vox populismus: a populist radical right attitude among the public? Nations and Nationalism, 20(1), 80-92.
• Roodujin, M. ve Pauwels, T. (2011). Measuring populism: comparing two methods of content Analysis," West European politics, 34(6).
• Roodujin, M. Lange, S. ve Brug, W. (2014). A populist zeitgeist? programmatic contagion by populist parties in Western Europe. Party Politics, 563-575.
• Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 102.
• Stavrakakis, Y. ve Katsambekis, G. (2014). Left-wing populism in the European periphery: the case of SYRIZA. Journal of Political Ideologies, 19(2), 119-142.
• Strömbäck, J. (2008). Four phases of mediatization: An analysis of the mediatization of politics. International Journal of Press, 13: 228–46.
• Sunstein, C.R. (2017). #Republic: Divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton- Oxford: Princeton University Press.
• Szabo, G., Norocel, O., ve Bene, M. (2019). Media visibility and inclusion of radical right populism in Hungary and Romania. Problems of Post-Communism, 66(1), 33-46.
• Taggart, P. (2000). Populism. Buckingham: Open University Press.
• Taguief, P. (1995). Political science confronts populism: from a conceptual mirage to a real problem’, Telos, 103, 9-43.
• Tournier-Sol, K. (2015). Reworking the Eurosceptic and conservative traditions into a populist narrative: UKIP’s winning formula. JCMS, 53(1), 140-156.
• Tunstall, J. ve Machin, D. (1999). The Anglo-American Media Connection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Türk, B. (2018). Muktedir: Türk sağ geleneği ve Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Ucen, P. (2007) ‘Parties, populism and anti-establishment in East Central Europe. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 27(1), 49-62.
• Van Kempen, H. (2007). Media-party paralellism and its effects: a corss-nationalcomparative study. Political Communication, 24(3), 303-320.
• Van der Pas, D. Vd. (2017). Political paralellism in media and political agenda setting. Political Communication, 34(4), 491-510.
• Vasilopoulou, Halikiopoulou ve Exadaktylos. (2014) 'Greece in crisis: Austerity, populism and the politics of blame. Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(2), 388-402.
• Vossen, K. (2010). Populism in the Netherlands after Fortuyn: Rita Verdonk and Geert Wilders Compared. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(1), 22-38.
• Waisbord, S. (2011). Between support and confrontation: Civil society, media reform, and populism in Latin America. Communication, Culture & Critique, 4, 97–117.
• Waisbord, S. (2012). Democracy, journalism, and Latin American populism. Journalism 14, 1–18.
• Weyland, K. (2001). Clarifying a contested concept: populism in the study of Latin America. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1-22.
• Wodak, R., M. KhosraviNik, and B. Mral. (2013). Right-wing populism in Europe: Politics and discourse. Bloomsbury Publishing.