Kabeiros/Kabeiroi Kültü: Antik Yazarlar, Yazıtlar ve Sikkeler

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 19, 142 - 153, 01.05.2019

Ebru Güven Işık Şahin

Öz

Kabeiros/Kabeiroi isimlerinin geçtiği bilinen en eski metinler MÖ 6.-5. yüzyıl yazarları Argoslu Akousilaos, Syroslu Pherekydes ve Aiskhylos’a aittir. Nitelikleri, kökenleri ve anlamları hakkında birçok fikir vardır. Literatürde -onlarla benzer nitelikler gösteren- Korybantes, Kouretes, Dioskouroi, Daktyloi gibi eril yarı-tanrılar (daimon) ve Megaloi Theoi ile ayrımları net değildir. Antik yazarlar, kültün ana tapım merkezlerini Lemnos, Samothrake ve Thebai olarak belirtir-ler. Bu çalışmada antik metinler, yazıtlar ve sikkelere göre kültün yayılımı gözlenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kadmilos, Aksieros, Onnes, Megaloi Theoi, Mistik Kültler.

Kaynakça

• Antik Kaynaklar: Apollonius Rhodius (Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, Ed.By. R. Merkel, Leipzig 1913 (The Loeb Classical Library)
• Athenaeus (of Naucratis) (Athēnaios Naukratitēs, Deipnosophistae) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Athenaeus (of Naucratis) Deipnosophistae, Ed. and Tr. By. C.B. Gulick, 7 vols, Cambridge, MA 1927-1941 (The Loeb Classical Library)
• Callimachus (Kallimachos, Aetia, Iambi) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Callimachus, Fragment Greek Poetry, vol.i, Trans. By C.A. Trypanis, Aetia, Iambi, Lyric Poems, and other fragments, Cambridge-London 1965 (Harvard University Press)
• Clement of Aleksandria (Klemens o Aleksandreus, Protreptikos Pros Hellas) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Clement of Aleksandria, Protreptikos Pros Hellas: Clements of Alexandreia, The Exhortation to the Greeks, Trans. By. G.W. Butterworth, 1953. (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Diodoros Siculus (Diodoros Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Diodoros Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike: Diodoros of Sicily, Trans. By C.H. Oldfather, London 1952 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Dionysios Halikarnaseus (Dionysios Halikarnaseus, Romaikes Arkhaiologias) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Dionysios Halikarnaseus, Romaikes Arkhaiologias: Dionysius of Halikarnassos, Roman Antiquities, Trans. By. E. Cary, London 1960 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Flavius Philostratus (Flavius Philostratus, Vita Apollonii) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Flavius Philostratus The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, The Epistles of Apollonius of Tyana and Eusebius' Critique of Philostratus, Trans. By. F.C. Conybeare, New York 1912 (The Macmillan Co.).
• Herodotos (Herodotos, Historiai) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Herodotos, Herodot Tarihi, Çev. M. Ökmen-A. Erhat, İstanbul 1973 (Remzi Kitabevi).
• Hesychii Alexandrini lexiconKullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Hesychii Alexandrini lexicon, 4 vols, Sammlung griechischer und lateinischer Grammatiker, ed. L. Kurt, P.A.Hansen, and I. Campbell, Copenhagen, Berlin, 1953-2009 (Munksgaard; Walter de Gruyter)
• Tzetzes, J. (Tzetzes, Lykophron) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Tzetzes, J., Scholia in Lykophron, Ed. By. K.O. Müller, Leipzig 1811.
• Pausanias (Pausanias, Periegesis) Kulanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Pausanias, Periegesis, Description of Greece, Trans. By. W.H.S. Jones, London 1955 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Plutarkhos (Plutarkhos, Moralia) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plutarkhos, Moralia, Trans. By. F.C. Babbitt, London 1949 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Stephanus Byzantius (Stéphanos Byzántios, Ethnica (epitome)) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Stephanus Byzantius, Ethnica (epitome), Ed. By. A. Meineke, Stephan von Byzans, Ethnika, Berlin, 1849, repr. Graz 1958 (Akademische Druck Verlagsanstalt).
• Strabon (Strabon, Geographika) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Strabon, Geographika. The Geography of Strabo. Ed. By. H.L. Jones, Cambridge 1924 (The Loeb Classical Li-brary).
• Valerius Flaccus (Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica) Valerius Flaccus, The Argonautica, Trans. By J.H. Mozley, Oxford 1934. (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Modern Kaynaklar: Barrett, C. (2011). Egyptianizing Figurines from Delos: A Study in Hellenistic Religion. Brill: Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, Volume 36.
• Bedigan, K.M. (2008). Boeotian Kabeiric Ware: The Significance of the Ceramic Offerings at the Theban Kabeirion in Boeotia (PhD Thesis). Glasgow: University Glasgow.
• Blakely, S. (2006). Myth, Ritual and Metallugy in Ancient Greece and Recent Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Blakely, S. (2007). Kadmos, Jason, and the Great Gods of Samothrace: Initiation as Mediation in a Northern Aegean Context. Electronic Antiquity, Volume 11. 1, ss. 66-95.
• Bloch, L. (1894-1897). s.v. ‘Megaloi Theoi’. Ausführliches Lexion der Griechischen und Römischen Mythologie II/2. Leipzig: Verlag Teubner, ss. 2522-2541.
• Boehringer, E.-Krauss, F. (1934). Altertümer von Pergamon IX. Das Temenos für den Herrscherkult. Berlin: Verlag Gruyter.
• Bonnefoy, Y. (1992). Greek and Egyptian Mythologies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Bunnens, G. (1979). L’Expansion Phenicienne en Mediterranee. Rome: Institut Historique Belge de Rome.
• Burkert, W. (1993). Concordia Discors: The Literary and the Archaeological Evidence on the Sanc-tuary of Samothrace. R. N-Hagg Marinatos (Ed.), Greek Sanctuaries,New Approaches içinde (ss. 178-191). Routledge: New York.
• CIGCorpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Berlin (1828-1877).
• Cole, S. G. (1984). Theoi Megaloi: The Cult of the Great Gods at Samothrace. E. J. Brill: Leiden.
• Culican, W. (1991). Phoenicia and Phoenician colonization. Boardman- vd. (Ed.), Ancient History, volume III içinde (ss. 461-546). Yayın yeri: Cambridge University Press.
• Demand, N. (2014). Thebes in the Fifty Century (Routledge Revivals): Herakles Resurgent). London: Routledge.
• FGrH Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker Part I-III, F. Jakoby (Ed.), <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1873-5363_boj_a90>(05.03.2019).
• Fontenrose, J. E. (1988). Didyma: Apollo’s Oracle, Cult, and Companions. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Fowler, R. L. (2013). Early Greek Mythography, Volume 2: Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Fritze, H. von (1904). Birytis und die Kabiren auf Münzen. Zeitschrift für Numismatik 24, ss.105-128.
• Gaebler, H. (1904). Zur Münzkunde Makedonien IV. Makedonian in der Kaiserzeit. Zeitschrift für Nümizmatik 24, ss. 17-338.
• Graham, A. J. (1982). The Colonial Expansion of Greece. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol III, ss. 83-162.
• Güven, E. (2014). Sikkeler Işığında Kabeiroi Kültü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Hemberg, B. (1950). Die Kabiren. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksells.
• ID Inscriptions de Délos. 7 vols. Paris 1926-1972.
• IG Inscriptiones Graecae, XII, Inscriptiones insularum maris Aegaei praeter Delum, ed. Gaertringen, von F. H. Berlin. 1895- .
• IGRInscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanes Pertinentes III, ed. Cagnat, E.R. et alii Paris, (1906).
• IK Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien.
• IvP II Die Inschriften von Pergamon vol. II. ed. M. Frankel, M. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung in Berlin, (1895).
• Juan, de C. (2009). La Bahía de L’Albufereta (Alicante). Una ‘statio’ náutica en el Levante peninsular. SAGVNTVM (P.L.A.V.) 41, ss.129-148.
• Kaberian Kantharos (9 Şubat 2019). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kabeiric_kantharos,_Kabeirion,_5th_century_BC,_AM_Thebes,_0117.jpg adresinden edinilmiştir.Metropolitan Museum (20 Ocak 2019). http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/20.210 adre-sinden edinilmiştir.
• Nauck, A. (1964). Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Hilesheim: Verlag Georg Ulms.
• OGIS Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae I-II, ed. Dittenberger, W., Leipzig, (1903, 1905).Ohlemutz, E. (1940). Die Kulte und Heiligtümer der Götter in Pergamon. Würzburg.
• RPC Roman Provincial Coinage Online, https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk (05.03.2019).
• SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, vols. 1-11, ed. Hondius, J. E. Leiden. (1923- ).
• SNG XII Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. XII. The Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow. Part I. Roman Provincial Coins, Spain-Kingdoms of Asia Minor, ed. Goddard, J., Oxford (2004).
• Wolters, P. - Bruns, G. (1940). Das Kabirenheiligtum beiTheben I. Berlin: de Gruyter.
• Yılmaz, Z. (2002). Kabeiroi ve Betimleri (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.