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Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 91 - 98, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1275266

Öz

Yerkürenin gelişimi ve şekillenmesi maruz kaldığı jeolojik-jeotektonik olaylarla yakından ilişkilidir. Bu süreçlerle kıtaların hareketi, birleşmesi, parçalanması, yeni mikro kıtaların oluşumu yanında yitim ve dağ oluşumları gibi birçok devasa küresel olaylar meydana gelmektedir. Büyük ölçekli fay hatlarının, fay zonlarının gelişiminde, hatta günümüzde sosyal ve kültürel olayları dahi etkileyen büyük ve küçük ölçekli depremlerin oluşumunda da en önemli unsur yerkürenin maruz kaldığı jeotektonik evrim sürecidir. Tetis okyanuslarındaki Afrika, Arab ve Hindistan Plakalarının birbirine doğru yaklaşması ve akabinde de Avrasya kıtası ile çarpışması günümüzün en önemli kuşaklarından biri olan Tetis kuşağını ve ilişkili metalojeni kuşağını da oluşturmuştur. Bu kuşak Batı Akdeniz’den Çin’e kadar uzanır. Türkiye’nin en belirgin tektonik çatısı, Pontidleri, Anatolid-Torid platformundan ayıran İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Zonu ve Arap Levhasının kuzey kenarını oluşturan Bitlis kenet zonu bu kuşak içinde yer almaktadır. Günümüz Türkiye coğrafyası, birbirleriyle karmaşık kenet zonları ile ayrılan ve Tetis okyanuslarının kalıntılarını (Paletotetis ve Neotetis okyanusları) temsil eden alt plakalara ayrılmaktadır. Türkiye’nin Jeodinamik evriminde, Pontid yayı ile Anadolu-Torid platformunun İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Kenet Zonu boyunca çarpışmasıyla Neotetisin kuzey kolunun Geç Paleosen-Eosen aralığında kapanması önemli bir olgudur. Bu süreç aynı zamanda Türkiye’nin Neotektoniğinin ana çatısı belirlemiş olup, önemli deprem üreticisi Kuzey ve Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonlarını’n da sorumlusudur. Bu fay zonlarının gelişim süreçleri aynı zamanda bu zonlarla ilişkili önemli maden yataklarının oluşumuna da katkı vermiştir. Maden yatakları açısından değerlendirildiğinde, Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nda hidrotermal süreçler Geç Paleosen’de başlamıştır. Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu içinde bulunan maden yatakları dikkate alındığında, fay zonunun şekillenişi ve maden yataklarının oluşumunun ilişkisi görülebilmektedir. Biga Yarımadasındaki Kısacık altın cevherleşmesi ve Alakeçi listvenitlerindeki altın zenginleşmesi bu zondaki cevherleşmelere örneklerdir. Bu cevherleşmeler dışında da bu zonla doğrudan ve dolaylı ilişkili birçok maden yatağı söz konusudur. Dolayısıyla yerküreyi şekillendiren ana tektonik olaylar ve bunlardan kaynaklı aktif tektonik hatlar deprem gibi büyük doğal afetleri oluştururken aynı zamanda da önemli birçok doğal kaynakların da oluşumuna katkı vermektedir. İnsanların imkanları ile engellenmesi mümkün olmayan bu devasa jeolojik olayların meydana getirdiği olumlu imkanlardan yararlanırken, doğası gereği etkili olacağı doğal afetlere karşı da önlem alınarak yaşamanı sürdürmek insanoğlunun en önemli önceliklerinden biri olmalıdır.

Kaynakça

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Geotectonics Processes, Earthquake And Mineral Deposits: The North Anatolian Fault Zone

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 91 - 98, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1275266

Öz

The development and shaping of the earth are closely related to the geological-geotectonic events it is exposed to. With these processes, many gigantic global events such as the movement of the continents, their merging, disintegration, the formation of new micro-continents, as well as subduction and mountain formations (orogeny) occur. The most important factor in the development of large-scale fault lines and fault zones, and even in the formation of large and small-scale earthquakes that affect social and cultural events today, is the geotectonic evolution process that the earth is exposed to. The convergence of the African, Arabian and Indian Plates in the Tethys oceans towards each other and subsequent collision with the Eurasian continent formed the Tethys belt and its associated metallogenic belt, which is one of the most important belts of today. This belt stretches from the Western Mediterranean to China. The most prominent tectonic framework of Turkey, the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Zone separating the Pontides from the Anatolide-Tauride platform, and the Bitlis suture zone forming the northern edge of the Arabian Plate are located in this belt. The geography of today's Türkiye is divided into sub-plates, which are separated from each other by complex suture zones and represent the remnants of the Tethys oceans (Paletotethys and Neotethys oceans). The closure of the northern branch of the Neotethys in the Late Paleocene-Eocene interval, when the Pontide arc and the Anatolian-Tauride platform collided along the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone, is an important phenomenon in the geodynamic evolution of Türkiye. This process has also determined the main framework of Türkiye's Neotectonics and is responsible for the North and East Anatolian Fault Zones, which are important earthquake producers. The development processes of these fault zones also contributed to the formation of important mineral deposits associated with these zones. When evaluated in terms of mineral deposits, hydrothermal processes in the North Anatolian Fault Zone started in the Late Paleocene. Considering the mineral deposits in the North Anatolian Fault Zone, the relationship between the formation of the fault zone and the formation of the mineral deposits can be seen. The Kısacık gold mineralization in the Biga Peninsula and the gold enrichment in the Alakeçi listvenites are examples of the mineralizations in this zone. Apart from these mineralizations, there are many mineral deposits directly or indirectly related to this zone. Therefore, while the main tectonic events that shape the earth and the active tectonic lines arising from them create major natural disasters such as earthquakes, they also contribute to the formation of many important natural resources. While taking advantage of the positive opportunities created by these gigantic geological events that cannot be prevented by human means, it should be one of the most important priorities of human beings to continue living by taking precautions against natural disasters that will be effective due to their nature.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Moritz R, Baker T. Metallogeny of the Tethyan Orogenic Belt: From Mesozoic magmatic arcs to Cenozoic back-arc and postcollisional settings in southeast Europe, Anatolia, and the Lesser Caucasus: An introduction. Economic Geology 2019;114:1227–35. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4683.
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  • [3] Richards JP. Tectonic, magmatic, and metallogenic evolution of the Tethyan orogen: From subduction to collision. Ore Geology Reviews 2015;70:323–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.11.009.
  • [4] Şengör AMC, Tüysüz O, Imren C, Sakinç M, Eyidoǧan H, Görür N, et al. The North Anatolian Fault: A new look. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2005;33:37–112. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120415.
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  • [29] Vural A, Çiftçi A, Ural MN. Kıymetli Taşlar ve Sömürgecilik: Dijital Veri Materyallerinin Analizi Örneğiyle (Precious Stones and Colonialism: Example of Analysis of Digital Data Materials). Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences 2020;7:122–34. https://doi.org/10.38065/euroasiaorg.404.
  • [30] Vural A, Kaya S, Başaran N, Songören OT. Anadolu Madenciliğinde İlk Adımlar. Ankara, Türkiye: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, MTA Kültür Serisi-3; 2009.
  • [31] Yigit O. Mineral deposits of Turkey in relation to tethyan metallogeny: Implications for future mineral exploration. Economic Geology 2009;104:19–51. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.1.19.
  • [32] Vural A. Güneyköy ve Çevresi (Eşme-Uşak) Arsenopirit Cevherleşmelerinin Maden Jeolojisi. Ankara Üniversitesi, 1998.
  • [33] Vural A, Erşen F. Eski Gümüşhane (Argyropolis) Manganez Yataklarının Jeolojik Ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri. 66. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, Ankara, Türkiye: 2013, p. 162–3.
  • [34] Vural A, Ünlü T. The geology and mineralogical/petrographic features of Umurbabadağ and its surroundings (Eşme, Uşak - Turkey ). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2020;9:1561–87.
  • [35] Vural A, Ünlü T. Güneyköy ve Çevresindeki Kalıntı Altınlı Arsenopirit Cevherleşmelerinin Maden Jeolojisi Açısından İncelenmesi. 69. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, Ankara, Türkiye: Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı; 2016, p. 374–5.
  • [36] Vural A, Aydal D. Soil geochemistry study of the listvenite area of Ayvacik (Çanakkale, Turkey). Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020;18:205–15.
  • [37] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen Uslu İ, Aydal EG. Crosta Technique Application on Bayramiç (Alakeçi-Kısacık) Mineralized Area by Using Landsat 7 Etm+ Data. Journal of Engineering and Architecture Faculty of Selcuk University 2007;22:29–40.
  • [38] Vural A. Bayramiç (Çanakkale) ve Çevresindeki Altın Zenginleşmelerinin Araştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi, 2006.
  • [39] Yigit O. A prospective sector in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt: Geology and geochronology of mineral deposits in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 2012;46:118–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.09.015.
  • [40] Vural A, Aydal D. Bayramiç ve Yakın Çevresindeki Altın Zenginleşmelerinin Araştırılması. 69. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, Ankara, Türkiye: Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı; 2016, p. 376–7.
  • [41] Vural A, Aydal D. Soil geochemical prospecting at listvenite area, Bayramiç, (Çanakkale Turkey). 34th National and the 2nd International Geosciences Congress, Tehran, Iran: 2016.
  • [42] Vural A, Aydal D. Using soil geochemistry for gold exploration:Ayvacık (Çanakkale-Northwest Turkey). 34th National and the 2nd International Geosciences Congress, Tehran, Iran: 2016.
  • [43] Vural A, Aydal D, Akpınar İ. A low sulphur epithermal gold mineralization in Kisacik-Ayvacik area (Çanakkale-Turkey). Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts, Prague, Czech Republic: 2011, p. 2105.
  • [44] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen Uslu İ, Aydal EG. Kuşçayırı-Kartaldağı (Bayramiç-Çanakkale) cevherleşme bölgesinin LANDSAT 7 ETM+ kullanılarak Crosta tekniği ile incelenmesi. 1.Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Çalıştay ve Paneli, 2006, p. 11.
  • [45] Bozkaya G, Gökçe A, Grassineau NV. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope characteristics of the Arapuçandere Pb-Zn-Cu deposits, Northwest Turkey. International Geology Review 2008;50:848–62. https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.50.9.848.
  • [46] Bozkaya G, Gökce A. Lead and sulfur isotope studies of the Koru (Çanakkale, Turkey) lead-zinc deposits. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2009;18:127–37. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-0806-5.
  • [47] Bozkaya G, Gökçe A. Koru ( Çanakkale ) Kurşım-Çinko Yataklarının Ana , Eser ve Nadir Toprak Elementleri Jeokimyası İncelemeleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 2002;45:1–17.
  • [48] Bozkaya G, Banks DA, Ozbas F, Wallington J. Fluid processes in the Tesbihdere base-metal-Au deposit: Implications for epithermal mineralization in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Central European Journal of Geosciences 2014;6:148–69. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13533-012-0169-9.
  • [49] Çiçek M, Oyman T. Origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids in epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu ± Au ± Ag deposits at Koru and Tesbihdere mining districts , Çanakkale , Pliocene volcanics. Ore Geology Reviews 2016;78:176–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.03.020.
  • [50] Yilmaz H, Oyman T, Sonmez FN, Arehart GB, Billor Z. Intermediate sulfidation epithermal gold-base metal deposits in Tertiary subaerial volcanic rocks, Sahinli/Tespih Dere (Lapseki/Western Turkey). Ore Geology Reviews 2010;37:236–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.04.001.
  • [51] Aydal D, Vural A, Polat O. Volkanik kayaçlarda baz metal ve altın içeren hidrotermal altere alanların Landsat 7 TM ile tanımlanması ve verilerin CBS ortamında değerlendirilmesi : Bayramiç (Çanakkale) çalışmaları. 57. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, 2004, p. 89–90.
  • [52] Aydal D, Vural A, Polat O. Definition of the Base Metal and Gold Bearing Hydrotermally Altered Areas in Volcanic Rocks Using by Landsat 7 TM Imagery: Case Study from Bayramiç (Çanakkale). 57th Geology Congress, Ankara, Türkiye: 2004, p. 89–90.
  • [53] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen Uslu İ, Aydal EG. Crosta Technique Application on Bayramic (Alakeçi-Kisacik) Mineralized Area by Using Landsat 7 TM Data. 30th Anniversary Fikret Kurtman Geology Symposium, Konya, Türkiye: 2006, p. 195.
  • [54] Vural A, Aydal D. Determination of Lithological Differences and Hydrothermal Alteration Areas by Remote Sensing Studies: Kısacık (Ayvacık-Çanakkale, Biga Peninsula, Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2020;9:1341–57.
  • [55] Sipahi F, Vural A, Akpinar I, Saydam Eker Ç, Kaygusuz A. Comparison of Fluid Inclusions of Egrikar Fe-Cu, Kopuz Fe And Karadag Fe-Cu Skarns Occurrences (Gümüshane, Turkey). 3rd International Conference on Engineering and Natural Science I(CENS 2017), 2017, p. 561–561.
  • [56] Sipahi F, Akpınar İ, Saydam Eker Ç, Kaygusuz A, Vural A, Yılmaz M. Formation of the Eğrikar (Gümüşhane) Fe–Cu skarn type mineralization in NE Turkey: U–Pb zircon age, lithogeochemistry, mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion, and O-H-C-S isotopic compositions. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2017;182:32–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.08.006.
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  • [58] Bozkaya G, Banks DA. Physico-chemical controls on ore deposition in the Arapucandere Pb – Zn – Cu-precious metal deposit , Biga Peninsula , NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 2015;66:65–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.014.
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  • [61] Vural A, Kaygusuz A. On Heavy Metal Pollution Associated with Listvenite Developments: Ayvacık-Bayramiç/ Çanakkale-West Türkiye). 8th International Zeugma Conference on Scientific Researches, Gaziantep, Türkiye: 2022, p. 492–501.
  • [62] Çiftçi E. Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposits of Turkey. In: Pirajno F, Ünlü T, Dönmez C, Şahin MB, editors. Mineral Resources of Turkey, Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences, Springer; 2019, p. 427–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02950-0_9.
  • [63] Ünlü T, Dumanlılar Ö, Tosun L, Akıska S, Tiringa D. Turkish Iron Deposits. In: Pirajno F, Ünlü T, Dönmez C, Şahin MB, editors. Mineral Resources of Turkey, Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences, Springer; 2019, p. 225–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02950-0_5.
  • [64] Öztürk H, Kasapçı C, Özbaş F. Manganese Deposits of Turkey. In: Pirajno F, Ünlü T, Dönmez C, Şahin MB, editors. Mineral Resources of Turkey, Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences, Springer; 2019, p. 261–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02950-0_6.
  • [65] Çiftçi Y, Dönmez C, Parlak O, Günay K. Chromitite Deposits of Turkey in Tethyan Ophiolites. In: Pirajno F, Ünlü T, Dönmez C, Şahin MB, editors. Mineral resources of Turkey. Modern approaches in solid earth sciences, Springer; 2019, p. 73–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02950-0_3.
  • [66] Altuncu Poyraz S, Teoman MU, Türkelli N, Kahraman M, Cambaz D, Mutlu A, et al. New constraints on micro-seismicity and stress state in the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone: Observations from a dense seismic array. Tectonophysics 2015;656:190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.06.022.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Derleme Makale
Yazarlar

Alaaddin Vural 0000-0002-0446-828X

Güllü Kırat 0000-0002-1167-0574

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Vural, A., & Kırat, G. (2023). Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu. Mus Alparslan University Journal of Science, 11(2), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1275266
AMA Vural A, Kırat G. Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu. MAUN Fen Bil. Dergi. Aralık 2023;11(2):91-98. doi:10.18586/msufbd.1275266
Chicago Vural, Alaaddin, ve Güllü Kırat. “Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu”. Mus Alparslan University Journal of Science 11, sy. 2 (Aralık 2023): 91-98. https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1275266.
EndNote Vural A, Kırat G (01 Aralık 2023) Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu. Mus Alparslan University Journal of Science 11 2 91–98.
IEEE A. Vural ve G. Kırat, “Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu”, MAUN Fen Bil. Dergi., c. 11, sy. 2, ss. 91–98, 2023, doi: 10.18586/msufbd.1275266.
ISNAD Vural, Alaaddin - Kırat, Güllü. “Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu”. Mus Alparslan University Journal of Science 11/2 (Aralık 2023), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1275266.
JAMA Vural A, Kırat G. Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu. MAUN Fen Bil. Dergi. 2023;11:91–98.
MLA Vural, Alaaddin ve Güllü Kırat. “Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu”. Mus Alparslan University Journal of Science, c. 11, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 91-98, doi:10.18586/msufbd.1275266.
Vancouver Vural A, Kırat G. Jeotektonik Süreçler, Deprem Ve Maden Yatakları: Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu. MAUN Fen Bil. Dergi. 2023;11(2):91-8.