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Yıl 2020, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 91 - 105, 16.06.2020

Altay Tayfun Özcan

https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.752865

Öz

Caucasia which has been completely commanded under Mongolia through the end of 1230’s, was on the
verge of a very different future than previous centuries. Yet for the first time in Caucasian history with Mongolian
sovereignty, northern and southern lands were merging into the domination of a sole nation, Mongolia. This
sovereignty has been sifted through academic dissertations and examinations which has been manifested in
recent years. However economic situation of the Caucasus under Mongol rule has not been adeqately studied
yet. But, Caucasia had undergone a great change with the Mongol rule. From this time, Caucasia play the role
of a geography which has been opened to international markets and connected to international trade routes.
The creator of this trade has undoubtedly been the Mongols. And also, there has been Italians who are the play
the part of the locomotive of this trade traffic. Venetian and Genoese merchants who based cities such as Sudak
and Caffa started their commercial activities in the cities and the harbors on the Black Sea coast. One of the area
and many other large and small ports are located.
In this study, it will focus on the activities of Genoese merchants in the Caucasus cities and harbors on the
eastern shores of the Black Sea, also will try to draw a general framework in this regard.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Caucasia Genoa Venice Mongols trade

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Lughod, J.L., Before European Hegemony The World System A.D. 1250‒1350, Oxford University Press, New York 1989.
  • Assays from the History of Georgia Abkhazia, ed. J. Gamakharia, T. Beradze, T. Gvantseladze, Ministry of Education and Culture of Abkhazia, Tbilisi 2011.
  • Bala(rd), M., “Çerkesler”, MEB İslam Ansiklopedisi, C III, İstanbul 1981, s. 375-386.
  • Balard, M., “Genes et la Mer Noire (XIII-XV siecles)”, Revue Historique, T. 270/ 1, (1983), s. 31-54.
  • _____, “The Greeks of Crimea under Rule in the XIVth and XVth Centuries”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 49, (1995), s. 23-32.
  • _____, La Romanie Genoise (XIIe debut XVe siecle), Vol. I, Genova 1978.
  • _____, La Romanie Genoise (XIIe debut XVe siecle), Vol. II, Genova 1978.
  • Barker, H., Egyptian and Italian Merchants in the Black Sea Slave Trade, 1260-1500, (Unpublished PhD Thesis), Columbia University, Columbia 2014.
  • Beradze, T., “Genuezskaya Torgovaya Faktoriya v Sevastopole-Tshomi/Tshumi”, Oçerki iz İstorii Gruzii Abhaziya s Drevneyşih Vremen do Naşih Dney, İzdatel’stvo İntelekti, Tbilisi 1009, s. 192-200.
  • Boçarov, S. G. ‒ A. G. Sitdikov, “Vzaimootnoşeniya Mongol’skogo Gosudarstva i Genuezskoy Respubliki v XIII‒ XIV vv.”, Drevniye Kul’turı Severnogo Kitaya, Mongolii i Baykal’skoy Sibiri, Tom II, Beijing 2015, s. 693- 697.
  • Boçarov, S. G., “İstoriçeskaya Geografiya Krımskih Territoriy Genuezskoy Gazarii”, Genuezskaya Gazariya i Zolotaya Orda, Tom 2, Pod Redaktsiyey S. G. Boçarova i A. G. Sitdikova, Kazan 2019, s. 741-770.
  • Cosmo, N. di, “Mongols and the Merchans on the Black Sea Frontier in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Convergences and Conflicts”, Mongols, Turks and Others, ed. R. Amitai, M. Biran, Brill Publishing, Leiden 2005, s. 391-424.
  • Diplomatarium Veneto–Levantinum sive Acta et Diplomata res Venetes Graecas Levantis Illustrantia 1300–1350, Venetiis 1880.
  • Dotson, J. E., “Safety Regulations for Galleys in Mid-fourteenth Century Genoa: Some thoughts on Medieval Risk Management”, Journal of Medieval History, Vol. 20 (1994), s. 327-336.
  • Dörrie, H., “Drei Texte Geschichte der Ungarn und Mongolen”, Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, No. 6, (1956), s. 125-202.
  • Emanov, A. G., Mejdu Polyarnoy Zvezdoy i Poludennım Solntsem, Kafa v Mirovoy Torgovle XIII-XV Vekov, Aleteyya İzdatel’stvo, Sankt-Peterburg 2018.
  • Felitsın, E. D., “Nekotorıye Svedeniya o Srednevekovıh Genuezskih Poseleniyah v Krımu i Kubanskoy Oblasti”, Kubanskoy Sbornik, T. 5, (1899), s. 1-32.
  • Fischer, W.J., “Ascensus Barcoch (I) A Latin Biography of the Memlûk Sultan Barquq of Egypt (D.1399) Written by the B. de Mignanelli in 1416”, Arabica, Tom. VI/I, (1959), s. 57-74.
  • Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, La Pratica Della Mercatura, ed. A. Evans, Cambridge 1936.
  • Frenkel, Y., “Some Notes Converning the Trade and Education of Slave Soldiers During the Mamluk Era”, Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1000‒1500 ce), ed. R. Amitai and C. Cluse, Brepols Publishing, Turnhout 2017, s. 187-212.
  • Grigor’yev, A. P. – V. P. Grigor’yev, Kollektsiya Zolotoordınskih Dokumentov XIV Veka iz Venetsii, İzdatel’stvo S. Petersburgskogo Universiteta, Sankt-Peterburg 2002.
  • Hryszko, R., “Genoese Colonies in the Black Sea Area. Their Role in the Transfer of Regional Products in the Late Middle Ages (the 14th‒15th Centuries AD)”, Ten Centuries of Byzantine Trade (the 5th‒15th Centuries), Kyiv 2012, s. 177-189.
  • İnalcık, H., Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, C I, çev. Halil Berktay, Eren Yayınları, İstanbul 2000.
  • Jacoby, D., “Marco Polo, His Close Relatives and His Travel Account: Some New Insights”, Mediterranean Historical Review, Vol. 21/2, (2006), s. 193-218.
  • _____, “Oriental Silks Go West: A Declinin Trade in the Later Middle Ages”, Islamic Artifacts in the Mediterranean World: Trade, Gift, Exchange and Artictic Transfer, ed. G. Wolf – C. Arcangeli, Venice 2010, s. 87-98.
  • Karpov, S.P., “New Documents on the Relations between the Latins and the Local Populations in the Black Sea Area (1392-1462), Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 49, (1995), s. 33-41.
  • _____, Putyami Srednevekovıh Morehodov, Çernomorskaya Navigatsiya Venetsianskoy Respubliki v XIII-XV vv., Moskva 1994.
  • _____, “Rabotorgovlya v Yujnom Priçernomor’e v Pervoy Polovine XV v.”, Vizantiyskiy Vremennik, Tom 46, (1986), s. 139-145.
  • _____, “The Grain Trade in the Southern Black Sea Region: The Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century”, Mediterranean Historical Review, Vol. 8/1, (1993), s. 55-71.
  • _____, İtal’yanskiye Morskiye Respubliki i Yujnoye Priçernomor’e v XIII-XV vv.: Problemı Torgovli, İzdatel’stvo MGU, Moskva 1990.
  • Katsiya, R. N., “Ekonomiçeskaya Ekspansiya Srednevekovoy Genui na Zapadnom Kavkaze”, İzvestiya Abhazskiy İnstitut Yazıka, Literaturı i İstorii, Tom XV, (1989), s. 38-62.
  • Khvalkov, I. A., The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation, (Unpublished PhD Thesis), History and Civilization of the European University Institute, Florence 2015.
  • Kılıç, E., Altın Orda Devletinin İktisadi Tarihi (XIII-XV. Yüzyıllar), (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara 2017.
  • Kim, H., “The Unity of the Mongol Empire and Continenal Exchanges over Eurasia”, Journal of Central Eurasian Studies, I, (2009), s. 15-52.
  • Lopez, R. S., “European Merchants in the Medieval Indies: The Evidence of Commercial Documents”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 3/2, (1943), s. 164-184.
  • _____, “Market Expansion: The Case of Genoa”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 24/4, (1964), s. 445-464. Marco Polo, Dünyanın Hikaye Edilişi, C I, çev. I. Ergüden, C II, çev. Z. Z. İlkgelen, İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul 2003.
  • Origo, I., “The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century”, Speculum, Vol. 30/3, (1955), s. 321-366.
  • Ozova, F. A., “Çerkeso-İtal’yanskiye İstoriçeskiye Pereseçeniya i Paraleli”, Arheologiya i Etnologiya Severnogo Kavkaza, Vıpusk 2, (2013), s. 139-171.
  • “Özbek Han’ın Azak’taki Venedikli Tüccarlara Verdiği Yarlık (9 Ekim 1332)”, Altın Orda Hanlığına Ait Resmî Yazışmalar, çev. A. M. Özyetgin – İ. Kemaloğlu, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 2017, s. 91-93.
  • Özcan, A. T., “Bartholomaeus de Jano’nun Türklerle İlgili 1438 Tarihli bir Mektubu”, Tarih Dergisi, S 55/I, (2012), s. 81-106.
  • _____, “Timur’un Elçisi Sultaniyeli Johannes ve Libellus de Notitia Orbis Adlı Eserinden Bazı Parçalar”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33/55, (2014), s. 121-162.
  • _____, Hazar Kağanlığı ve Etrafındaki Dünya, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul 2019.
  • “Petri episcopi Sebastopolitani epistola ad archiepiscopos et episcopos Angliae”, Studien über Marino Sanudo den Aelteren, F. Kunstman, München 1855.
  • Quirini-Poplawska, D., “The Venetian Involvement in the Black Sea Slave trade (Fourteenth to Fifteenth Centuries)”, Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1000‒1500 ce), ed. R. Amitai and C. Cluse, Brepols Publishing, Turnhout 2017, s. 255-298.
  • Pahlitzsch, J., “Slavery and the Slave Trade in Byzantium in the Palaeologan Period”, Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1000‒1500 ce), ed. R. Amitai and C. Cluse, Brepols Publishing, Turnhout 2017, s. 163-184.
  • Poluboyarinova, M.D., Russkiye Lyudi v Zolotoy Orde, İzdatel’stvo Nauka, Moskva 1978. Primaudaie, F. E. de la, Etudes sur le Commerce au Moyen Age Histoire du Commerce de la Mer Noire et les Colonies Genoises de la Krimee, Paris 1848.
  • Richard, J., “Les Missions au Nord de la Mer Noire (XIIIe-XVe Siecles)”, Il Codice Cumanico e il Suo Mondo, ed. P. Schreiner – F. Schmieder, Roma 2005, s. 231-246.
  • Ruysbroeckli Willem, Mengü Han’ın Sarayına Yolculuk 1253–1255, ed. P. Jackson, D. Morgan, çev. Z. Kılıç, Kitap Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
  • Stahl, A. M., “Where the Silk Road Met the Wool Trade”, Crusading and Trading between West and East, Studies in Honor of David Jacoby, ed. S. Menache, B. Z. Kedar and M. Balard, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, London 2019, s. 351-364.
  • Şedevrı Drevnego İskusstva Kubani / Art Tresures of Ancient Kuban, Nauçnıye Redaktorı Kataloga A. M. Leskov i V. L. Lapuşnyan, Moskva 1987.
  • The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, A Narrative of Bavaria, in Europe, Asia and Africa 1396–1427, Translated by J. Buchan Tefler, Printed for Hakluyt Society, London 1900.
  • Tsugitaka, S., “Slave Traders and Karimi Merchants durign the Mamluk Period: A Comparative Study”, Mamluk Studies Review, Vol.10/1, (2006), s. 141-156.
  • Uzlov, Yu. A., “K Voprosu ob İtal’yanskoy Kolonizatsii Severnogo Priçernomor’ya (XIII-XV)”, Historical Sciences, Vol. 11, (2017), s. 34-37.
  • Wing, P., “’Rich in Goods and Abounding in Wealth’ The Ilkhanid and Post Ilkhanid Ruling Elite and the Politics of Commercial life at Tabriz 1250-1400”, Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th-15th Century Tabriz, ed. J. Pfeiffer, Brill Publishing, Leiden 2014, s. 302-320.
  • Zevakin, E. S. – N. A. Pençko, “Oçerki po İstorii Genuezskih Koloniy na Zapadnom Kavkaze v XIII i XV vv.”, İstoriçeskiy Zapiskiy, T. 3, (1938), s. 72-129.

Altın Orda Hanlığı Zamanında Karadeniz’in Kafkasya Sahillerinde Cenovalı Tüccarlar, Kolonileri ve Ticari Yaşam

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 91 - 105, 16.06.2020

Altay Tayfun Özcan

https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.752865

Öz

1230’ların sonunda artık tamamıyla Moğol idaresi altına girmiş olan Kafkasya, daha önceki yüzyıllardan çok
farklı bir geleceğin eşiğindeydi. Zira Moğol egemenliği ile Kafkasya tarihinde ilk defa kuzey ve güney parçaları
tek bir ulusun, Moğolların egemenliğine giriyordu. Bu egemenlik son yıllarda ortaya konan incelemeler ve
tezlerle epey tetkik edilmiş durumdadır. Ancak Kafkasya’nın Moğol egemenliği altındaki ekonomik durumu
henüz yeterli seviyede incelenmemiştir. Oysaki Kafkasya, Moğol idaresiyle birlikte, büyük bir değişimden
geçmiştir. Artık Kafkasya bu yeni dönemle uluslararası ticaret yollarına açılmış ve uluslar arası ticaret yollarına
eklemlenmiş bir coğrafya kimliğine büründü. Bu ticaretin yaratıcısı kuşkusuz ki Moğollardı. Ancak bir de
bu ticaretin lokomotifi olan İtalyan tüccarlar vardı. Suğdak ve Kefe gibi kentleri merkez edinen Venedik ve
Cenevizli tüccarlar buradan hareketle Karadeniz sahillerindeki şehir ve limanlarda yoğun bir ticari faaliyet
içerisine girmişlerdir. Bu alanlardan birisi de Matrica, Sevastopolis, Coppa ve daha pek çok irili ufaklı limanın
yer aldığı Karadeniz’in Kafkas sahilleriydi.
Bu çalışmada bu alanlardan Karadeniz’in doğu sahillerindeki Kafkasya şehir ve limanlarındaki Ceneviz
tüccarlarının faaliyetleri üzerinde durularak bu konuda genel bir çerçeve çizilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kafkasya Cenova Venedik Moğollar ticaret

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Lughod, J.L., Before European Hegemony The World System A.D. 1250‒1350, Oxford University Press, New York 1989.
  • Assays from the History of Georgia Abkhazia, ed. J. Gamakharia, T. Beradze, T. Gvantseladze, Ministry of Education and Culture of Abkhazia, Tbilisi 2011.
  • Bala(rd), M., “Çerkesler”, MEB İslam Ansiklopedisi, C III, İstanbul 1981, s. 375-386.
  • Balard, M., “Genes et la Mer Noire (XIII-XV siecles)”, Revue Historique, T. 270/ 1, (1983), s. 31-54.
  • _____, “The Greeks of Crimea under Rule in the XIVth and XVth Centuries”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 49, (1995), s. 23-32.
  • _____, La Romanie Genoise (XIIe debut XVe siecle), Vol. I, Genova 1978.
  • _____, La Romanie Genoise (XIIe debut XVe siecle), Vol. II, Genova 1978.
  • Barker, H., Egyptian and Italian Merchants in the Black Sea Slave Trade, 1260-1500, (Unpublished PhD Thesis), Columbia University, Columbia 2014.
  • Beradze, T., “Genuezskaya Torgovaya Faktoriya v Sevastopole-Tshomi/Tshumi”, Oçerki iz İstorii Gruzii Abhaziya s Drevneyşih Vremen do Naşih Dney, İzdatel’stvo İntelekti, Tbilisi 1009, s. 192-200.
  • Boçarov, S. G. ‒ A. G. Sitdikov, “Vzaimootnoşeniya Mongol’skogo Gosudarstva i Genuezskoy Respubliki v XIII‒ XIV vv.”, Drevniye Kul’turı Severnogo Kitaya, Mongolii i Baykal’skoy Sibiri, Tom II, Beijing 2015, s. 693- 697.
  • Boçarov, S. G., “İstoriçeskaya Geografiya Krımskih Territoriy Genuezskoy Gazarii”, Genuezskaya Gazariya i Zolotaya Orda, Tom 2, Pod Redaktsiyey S. G. Boçarova i A. G. Sitdikova, Kazan 2019, s. 741-770.
  • Cosmo, N. di, “Mongols and the Merchans on the Black Sea Frontier in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Convergences and Conflicts”, Mongols, Turks and Others, ed. R. Amitai, M. Biran, Brill Publishing, Leiden 2005, s. 391-424.
  • Diplomatarium Veneto–Levantinum sive Acta et Diplomata res Venetes Graecas Levantis Illustrantia 1300–1350, Venetiis 1880.
  • Dotson, J. E., “Safety Regulations for Galleys in Mid-fourteenth Century Genoa: Some thoughts on Medieval Risk Management”, Journal of Medieval History, Vol. 20 (1994), s. 327-336.
  • Dörrie, H., “Drei Texte Geschichte der Ungarn und Mongolen”, Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, No. 6, (1956), s. 125-202.
  • Emanov, A. G., Mejdu Polyarnoy Zvezdoy i Poludennım Solntsem, Kafa v Mirovoy Torgovle XIII-XV Vekov, Aleteyya İzdatel’stvo, Sankt-Peterburg 2018.
  • Felitsın, E. D., “Nekotorıye Svedeniya o Srednevekovıh Genuezskih Poseleniyah v Krımu i Kubanskoy Oblasti”, Kubanskoy Sbornik, T. 5, (1899), s. 1-32.
  • Fischer, W.J., “Ascensus Barcoch (I) A Latin Biography of the Memlûk Sultan Barquq of Egypt (D.1399) Written by the B. de Mignanelli in 1416”, Arabica, Tom. VI/I, (1959), s. 57-74.
  • Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, La Pratica Della Mercatura, ed. A. Evans, Cambridge 1936.
  • Frenkel, Y., “Some Notes Converning the Trade and Education of Slave Soldiers During the Mamluk Era”, Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1000‒1500 ce), ed. R. Amitai and C. Cluse, Brepols Publishing, Turnhout 2017, s. 187-212.
  • Grigor’yev, A. P. – V. P. Grigor’yev, Kollektsiya Zolotoordınskih Dokumentov XIV Veka iz Venetsii, İzdatel’stvo S. Petersburgskogo Universiteta, Sankt-Peterburg 2002.
  • Hryszko, R., “Genoese Colonies in the Black Sea Area. Their Role in the Transfer of Regional Products in the Late Middle Ages (the 14th‒15th Centuries AD)”, Ten Centuries of Byzantine Trade (the 5th‒15th Centuries), Kyiv 2012, s. 177-189.
  • İnalcık, H., Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, C I, çev. Halil Berktay, Eren Yayınları, İstanbul 2000.
  • Jacoby, D., “Marco Polo, His Close Relatives and His Travel Account: Some New Insights”, Mediterranean Historical Review, Vol. 21/2, (2006), s. 193-218.
  • _____, “Oriental Silks Go West: A Declinin Trade in the Later Middle Ages”, Islamic Artifacts in the Mediterranean World: Trade, Gift, Exchange and Artictic Transfer, ed. G. Wolf – C. Arcangeli, Venice 2010, s. 87-98.
  • Karpov, S.P., “New Documents on the Relations between the Latins and the Local Populations in the Black Sea Area (1392-1462), Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 49, (1995), s. 33-41.
  • _____, Putyami Srednevekovıh Morehodov, Çernomorskaya Navigatsiya Venetsianskoy Respubliki v XIII-XV vv., Moskva 1994.
  • _____, “Rabotorgovlya v Yujnom Priçernomor’e v Pervoy Polovine XV v.”, Vizantiyskiy Vremennik, Tom 46, (1986), s. 139-145.
  • _____, “The Grain Trade in the Southern Black Sea Region: The Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century”, Mediterranean Historical Review, Vol. 8/1, (1993), s. 55-71.
  • _____, İtal’yanskiye Morskiye Respubliki i Yujnoye Priçernomor’e v XIII-XV vv.: Problemı Torgovli, İzdatel’stvo MGU, Moskva 1990.
  • Katsiya, R. N., “Ekonomiçeskaya Ekspansiya Srednevekovoy Genui na Zapadnom Kavkaze”, İzvestiya Abhazskiy İnstitut Yazıka, Literaturı i İstorii, Tom XV, (1989), s. 38-62.
  • Khvalkov, I. A., The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation, (Unpublished PhD Thesis), History and Civilization of the European University Institute, Florence 2015.
  • Kılıç, E., Altın Orda Devletinin İktisadi Tarihi (XIII-XV. Yüzyıllar), (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara 2017.
  • Kim, H., “The Unity of the Mongol Empire and Continenal Exchanges over Eurasia”, Journal of Central Eurasian Studies, I, (2009), s. 15-52.
  • Lopez, R. S., “European Merchants in the Medieval Indies: The Evidence of Commercial Documents”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 3/2, (1943), s. 164-184.
  • _____, “Market Expansion: The Case of Genoa”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 24/4, (1964), s. 445-464. Marco Polo, Dünyanın Hikaye Edilişi, C I, çev. I. Ergüden, C II, çev. Z. Z. İlkgelen, İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul 2003.
  • Origo, I., “The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century”, Speculum, Vol. 30/3, (1955), s. 321-366.
  • Ozova, F. A., “Çerkeso-İtal’yanskiye İstoriçeskiye Pereseçeniya i Paraleli”, Arheologiya i Etnologiya Severnogo Kavkaza, Vıpusk 2, (2013), s. 139-171.
  • “Özbek Han’ın Azak’taki Venedikli Tüccarlara Verdiği Yarlık (9 Ekim 1332)”, Altın Orda Hanlığına Ait Resmî Yazışmalar, çev. A. M. Özyetgin – İ. Kemaloğlu, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 2017, s. 91-93.
  • Özcan, A. T., “Bartholomaeus de Jano’nun Türklerle İlgili 1438 Tarihli bir Mektubu”, Tarih Dergisi, S 55/I, (2012), s. 81-106.
  • _____, “Timur’un Elçisi Sultaniyeli Johannes ve Libellus de Notitia Orbis Adlı Eserinden Bazı Parçalar”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33/55, (2014), s. 121-162.
  • _____, Hazar Kağanlığı ve Etrafındaki Dünya, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul 2019.
  • “Petri episcopi Sebastopolitani epistola ad archiepiscopos et episcopos Angliae”, Studien über Marino Sanudo den Aelteren, F. Kunstman, München 1855.
  • Quirini-Poplawska, D., “The Venetian Involvement in the Black Sea Slave trade (Fourteenth to Fifteenth Centuries)”, Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1000‒1500 ce), ed. R. Amitai and C. Cluse, Brepols Publishing, Turnhout 2017, s. 255-298.
  • Pahlitzsch, J., “Slavery and the Slave Trade in Byzantium in the Palaeologan Period”, Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1000‒1500 ce), ed. R. Amitai and C. Cluse, Brepols Publishing, Turnhout 2017, s. 163-184.
  • Poluboyarinova, M.D., Russkiye Lyudi v Zolotoy Orde, İzdatel’stvo Nauka, Moskva 1978. Primaudaie, F. E. de la, Etudes sur le Commerce au Moyen Age Histoire du Commerce de la Mer Noire et les Colonies Genoises de la Krimee, Paris 1848.
  • Richard, J., “Les Missions au Nord de la Mer Noire (XIIIe-XVe Siecles)”, Il Codice Cumanico e il Suo Mondo, ed. P. Schreiner – F. Schmieder, Roma 2005, s. 231-246.
  • Ruysbroeckli Willem, Mengü Han’ın Sarayına Yolculuk 1253–1255, ed. P. Jackson, D. Morgan, çev. Z. Kılıç, Kitap Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
  • Stahl, A. M., “Where the Silk Road Met the Wool Trade”, Crusading and Trading between West and East, Studies in Honor of David Jacoby, ed. S. Menache, B. Z. Kedar and M. Balard, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, London 2019, s. 351-364.
  • Şedevrı Drevnego İskusstva Kubani / Art Tresures of Ancient Kuban, Nauçnıye Redaktorı Kataloga A. M. Leskov i V. L. Lapuşnyan, Moskva 1987.
  • The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, A Narrative of Bavaria, in Europe, Asia and Africa 1396–1427, Translated by J. Buchan Tefler, Printed for Hakluyt Society, London 1900.
  • Tsugitaka, S., “Slave Traders and Karimi Merchants durign the Mamluk Period: A Comparative Study”, Mamluk Studies Review, Vol.10/1, (2006), s. 141-156.
  • Uzlov, Yu. A., “K Voprosu ob İtal’yanskoy Kolonizatsii Severnogo Priçernomor’ya (XIII-XV)”, Historical Sciences, Vol. 11, (2017), s. 34-37.
  • Wing, P., “’Rich in Goods and Abounding in Wealth’ The Ilkhanid and Post Ilkhanid Ruling Elite and the Politics of Commercial life at Tabriz 1250-1400”, Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th-15th Century Tabriz, ed. J. Pfeiffer, Brill Publishing, Leiden 2014, s. 302-320.
  • Zevakin, E. S. – N. A. Pençko, “Oçerki po İstorii Genuezskih Koloniy na Zapadnom Kavkaze v XIII i XV vv.”, İstoriçeskiy Zapiskiy, T. 3, (1938), s. 72-129.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Altay Tayfun Özcan 0000-0002-6409-9711

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özcan, Altay Tayfun. “Altın Orda Hanlığı Zamanında Karadeniz’in Kafkasya Sahillerinde Cenovalı Tüccarlar, Kolonileri Ve Ticari Yaşam”. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 7, sy. 1 (Haziran 2020): 91-105. https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.752865.

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