Öz
This article offers a chronology of climate events in Iran over the last millennium to challenge traditional chronologies of the Iranian past based on politics, war, and economics. Using insights gleaned from the historiography of climate in Iran, and from neighboring regions, especially the Ottoman Empire, four episodes of climate cooling show how climate-induced environmental processes affected more people for longer in Iran than did the policies of the empires ostensibly ruling over them. Thus, the article aims to put climate more squarely on the agenda of historians of Iran so that the conjectures advanced here can be confirmed, revised, or discarded through future empirical research. Moreover, the article seeks to bring Iran into wider conversations in environmental and global history.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Brooke, John L., Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2014.
- Bulliet, Richard W., Cotton, Climate, and Camels in Early Islamic Iran: A Moment in World History, Columbia University Press, New York 2009.
- Carey, Mark, Philip Garone, Adrian Howkins, Georgina H. Endfield, Lawrence Culver, Sam White, Sherry Johnson ve James Rodger Fleming, “Forum: Climate Change and Environmental History” Environmental History, 19 (2014), s. 281-364.
- Davis, Mike, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, Verso, London 2001.
- Erler, Mehmet Yavuz, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kuraklık ve Kıtlık Olayları (1800–1880), Libra Kitap, İstanbul 2010.
- Fagan, Brian, The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization, Basic Books, New York 2004.
- Griswold, William, “Climatic Change: A Possible Factor in the Social Unrest of Seventeenth Century Anatolia”, Humanist and Scholar: Essays in Honor of Andreas Tietze, edited by Heath W. Lowry and Donald Quataert, Isis Press, İstanbul 1993, s. 37-57.
- Kazemi, Ranin, “Neither Indians, Nor Egyptians” Social Protest and Islamic Populism in the Making of the Tobacco Movement in Iran (1850–1891), (Unpublished PhD Thesis), Yale University, New Haven 2012.
- Kazemi, Ranin, “Of Diet and Profit: On the Question of Subsistence Crises in Nineteenth-Century Iran”, Middle Eastern Studies, 51 (2015), s. 1-24.
- Kelly, Morgan, Cormac Ó Gráda, Sam White, Ulf Büntgen, Lena Hellmann ve Jan de Vries, “The Little Ice Age: Climate and History Reconsidered”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 44 (2014), s. 301-377.
- Larsen, Guðrún, “Katla: Tephrochronology and Eruption History”, Developments in Quaternary Sciences, 13 (2010), s. 23-49.
- Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, Times of Feast, Times of Famine: A History of Climate Since the Year 1000, Trans. Barbara Bray, Doubleday, Garden City 1971.
Öz
Bu makale, İran'ın geçmişine yönelik siyaset, savaş ve ekonomi odaklı geleneksel kronolojilere meydan okumak amacıyla son bin yılda İran'da meydana gelen iklim olaylarının bir kronolojisini sunmaktadır. İran ve komşu bölgelerdeki, özellikle de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndaki iklim tarih yazımından elde edilen bilgilerden yararlanarak, dört iklimsel soğuma dönemi, İran'daki iklimle ilgili çevresel süreçlerin, görünüşte onları yöneten imparatorlukların politikalarından daha uzun süre daha fazla insanı nasıl etkilediğini göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla bu makale, ileride yapılacak ampirik araştırmalarla burada ileri sürülen varsayımların doğrulanabilmesi, revize edilebilmesi ya da tamamen reddedilebilmesi için iklimi İran tarihçilerinin gündemine daha net bir şekilde yerleştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Dahası, makale İran'ı çevre ve küresel tarih alanındaki daha geniş tartışmalara dahil etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Brooke, John L., Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2014.
- Bulliet, Richard W., Cotton, Climate, and Camels in Early Islamic Iran: A Moment in World History, Columbia University Press, New York 2009.
- Carey, Mark, Philip Garone, Adrian Howkins, Georgina H. Endfield, Lawrence Culver, Sam White, Sherry Johnson ve James Rodger Fleming, “Forum: Climate Change and Environmental History” Environmental History, 19 (2014), s. 281-364.
- Davis, Mike, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, Verso, London 2001.
- Erler, Mehmet Yavuz, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kuraklık ve Kıtlık Olayları (1800–1880), Libra Kitap, İstanbul 2010.
- Fagan, Brian, The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization, Basic Books, New York 2004.
- Griswold, William, “Climatic Change: A Possible Factor in the Social Unrest of Seventeenth Century Anatolia”, Humanist and Scholar: Essays in Honor of Andreas Tietze, edited by Heath W. Lowry and Donald Quataert, Isis Press, İstanbul 1993, s. 37-57.
- Kazemi, Ranin, “Neither Indians, Nor Egyptians” Social Protest and Islamic Populism in the Making of the Tobacco Movement in Iran (1850–1891), (Unpublished PhD Thesis), Yale University, New Haven 2012.
- Kazemi, Ranin, “Of Diet and Profit: On the Question of Subsistence Crises in Nineteenth-Century Iran”, Middle Eastern Studies, 51 (2015), s. 1-24.
- Kelly, Morgan, Cormac Ó Gráda, Sam White, Ulf Büntgen, Lena Hellmann ve Jan de Vries, “The Little Ice Age: Climate and History Reconsidered”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 44 (2014), s. 301-377.
- Larsen, Guðrún, “Katla: Tephrochronology and Eruption History”, Developments in Quaternary Sciences, 13 (2010), s. 23-49.
- Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, Times of Feast, Times of Famine: A History of Climate Since the Year 1000, Trans. Barbara Bray, Doubleday, Garden City 1971.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Beşeri Coğrafya (Diğer), Orta Asya Tarihi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Çevirmenler | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Haziran 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 16 Ekim 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 4 Ocak 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 |