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The Role Of Emotions In Conflict And Conflict Resolution

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 8 - 18, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.476068

Öz

Conflict has been a focal subject for research in
social and political psychology along with politics, economics, sociology due
to the changing world dynamics. In this literature review, while considering
the increasing significance of the subject, constructive and destructive
aspects of conflict are addressed and various definitions, dimensions and
elements of emotions are introduced. The main aim of this review is exploring
the relationship between emotion which has been underscored in the conflict
literature. To this end, general literatures on both conflict and emotions are reported
briefly and then emprical findings at the intersection of these two fields were
presented. Finally, the role of emotions in conflict resolution and negotiation
processes was encapuslated. In this frame, it is intended to lead the way to
future conflict studies and intervention programmes in Turkey.




Kaynakça

  • Allred K. G., Mallozzi JS, Matsui F, Raia CP. (1997). The influence of anger and compassion on negotiation performance. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process. 70(3), 175–87. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2705
  • Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106, 529 –550. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.529
  • Baron, R. A. (1991). Positive effects of conflict: A cognitive perspective. Employees Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4, 25 -36
  • Baron, R. A., Fortin, S. P., Frei, R. L., Hauver, L. A. & Shack, M. L (1990). Reducing organizational conflict: the role of socially-induced positive affect. International Journal of Conflict Management. 1 (2), 133-152. DOI: 10.1108/eb022677
  • Bar-Tal, D. (2007). Sociopsychological Foundations of Intractable Conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1430-1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207302462
  • Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Evil: Inside human cruelty and violence. New York: W.H. Freeman.
  • Bell, C., & Song, F. (2005). Emotions in the conflict process: An application of the cognitive appraisal model of emotions to conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 16(1): 30-54. DOI: 10.1108/eb022922
  • Bodtker, A.M. & Jameson, J.K. (2001). Emotion in Conflict Formation and its Transformation: Application to Organizational Conflict Management, International Journal of Conflict Management, 12(3), 259-275
  • Cabanac M. (2002). What is emotion? Behavioural Processes. 60, 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5
  • Carnevale, P. J. D. & Isen, A. M. (1986). The influence of positive affect and visual access on the discovery of integrative solutions in bilateral negotiation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37, 1-13
  • Cannon, W. B., Britton, S. W., Lewis, J. T.,& Groeneveld, A. (1927). Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine glands. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content, 79(2), 433–465. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1927.79.2.433
  • Chaudhry, A. M. & Asif, R. (2015). Organizational Conflict and Conflict Management: a synthesis of literature. Journal of Business and Management Research, 9, 238-244.
  • Cohen-Chen, S., Crisp, R. J. & Halperin, E. (2017). Hope comes in many forms: Outgroup expressions of hope override low support and promote reconciliation in conflicts. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8, 153–161.
  • Curşeu, P. L., Boros¸, S. & Oerlemans, L. A. G. (2012). Task and relationship conflict in short-term and long-term groups: The critical role of emotion regulation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 23, 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/10444061211199331
  • Dantzer, R. & Kelley, K. W. (1989) Stress and immunity: an integrated view of relationships between the brain and the immune s ystem. Life Science, 44, 1995–2008
  • De Dreu, C.K.W. & Weingart, L.R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 741-749.
  • Ekman, P. (1994). All Emotions Are Basic, P. Ekman, P. & R. Davidson (Ed.) içinde, The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (s. 15-19). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. & Ellsworth, P. (1982). What emotion categories or dimensions can observers judge from facial behavior, P . Ekman (Ed.) içinde, Emotion in the human face (s. 39-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Frijda, N. H. (2004). Emotion and action. A. S. R. Manstead, N. Frijda, & A. Fischer (Ed.) içinde, Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam symposium (s. 158–173). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press
  • Gifford, R. & Hine, D. W. (1997). Toward cooperation in commons dilemmas. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 29(3), 167-179.
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299
  • Halevy, N., Kreps, T. A., Weisel, O. & Goldenberg, A. (2015). Morality in intergroup conflict. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 10-14.
  • Halperin, E. (2011). Emotional barriers to peace: Emotions and public opinion of Jewish Israelis about the peace process in the Middle East. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 17(1), 22–45.
  • Halperin, E. & Reifen-Tagar, M. (2017). Emotions in conflicts: Understanding emotional processes sheds light on the nature and potential resolution of intractable conflicts. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 94-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.017
  • Hine, D.W. & Gifford, R. (1996a). Attributions about self and others in commons dilemmas. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 429-445
  • Jameson, J. K., Bodtker, A. M., Porch, D. M., & Jordan, W. J. (2009). Exploring the role of emotion in conflict transformation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 27(2), 167–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.254
  • Jervis, R. (2006) Understanding Beliefs. Political Psychology, 27 (5), 641–805.
  • Jones, T. S. (2000). Emotional communication in conflict: Essence and impact. W. Eadie & P. Nelson (Eds.) içinde, The language of conflict and resolution (s. 81-104). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Kleinginna, P.R. & Kleinginna, A. M. (1981). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition, Motivation and Emotion, 5, 345-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992553
  • Kopelman, S., Rosette, A.S., & Thompson, L. (2006). The three faces of Eve: Strategic displays of positive, negative, and neutral emotions in negotiations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99(1), 81- 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.08.003
  • Kriesberg, L. & Dayton, B.W. (2012). Constructive Conflicts (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Lazarrus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819-834. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819
  • Lindner, E. G. (2009). Emotion and Conflict: How Human Rights Can Dignify Emotion and Help Us Wage Good Conflict. Westport, CT: Praeger
  • Lindner, E. G. (2014). Emotion and Conflict: Why It Is Important to Understand How Emotions Affect Conflict and How Conflict Affects Emotions. M. Deutsch, P. T. Coleman & E. C. Marcus(Ed.) içinde, The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. Third edition, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602–616. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.602
  • Matsumo, D. & Yoo, S.H. & LeRoux, J.A. (2009). Emotion and intercultural adjustment. Intercultural communication, 7, 77-98.
  • Nair, N. (2008). Towards understanding the role of emotions in conflict: a review and future directions. International Journal of Conflict Management, 19, 4, 359-81.
  • Olsson, A., Nearing, K. I. & Phelps, E. A. (2007). Learning fears by observing others: the neural systems of social fear transmission. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Advance Access, 2, 3-11
  • Ortony, A. & Turner, T. J. (1990). What’s basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315–331
  • Pennebaker, J. W., Rime´, B., & Blankenship, V. E. (1996). Stereotypes of emotional expressiveness of Northerners and Southerners: A cross-cultural test of Montesquieu’s hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 372-380.
  • Prager, Κ. J. (1991). Intimacy status and couple conflict resolution. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 505-526.
  • Putnam, L. L, & Poole, M. S. (1987). Conflict and negotiation. F. M. Jablin, L. L. Putnam, K. H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Ed) içinde. Handbook of organizational communication (s.549-599). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Rahim, A.M. (1992). Managing conflict in organizations, (2nd. Ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers
  • Rosler, N., Cohen-Chen, S., & Halperin, E. (2017). The distinctive effects of empathy and hope in intractable conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 6, 114-139.
  • Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69(5), 379-399.
  • Smith, E. R., Seger, C. R. & Mackie, D. M. (2007). Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence for four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 431–446. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.431
  • Solak, N., Reifen Tagar, M., Cohen-Chen, S., Saguy, T., & Halperin, E. (2016). Disappointment expression evokes collective guilt and collective action in intergroup conflict: the moderating role of legitimacy perceptions. Cognition and Emotion, 31(6), 1112–1126.
  • Swanström, N. &Weissmann, M. (2005). Conflict, conflict prevention and conflict management and beyond: a conceptual exploration. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Slik Road Studies Program
  • Thomas, K. W. (1992). Conflict and Conflict Management: Reflections and Update. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 265-274.
  • Tjosvold, D. (1991). Rights and responsibilities of dissent: Cooperative conflict. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4(1), 13-23.
  • Van Hemert, D. A., Poortinga, Y. H., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2007). Emotion and culture. A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 913-943.
  • Van Kleef, G. A. (2009). How emotions regulate social life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 184-188.
  • Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Çatışma Ve Çatışma Çözümü Sürecinde Duyguların Rolü

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 8 - 18, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.476068

Öz



Değişen dünya dinamikleri ve gelişen iletişim
imkanları ile çatışmalar siyaset, ekonomi, sosyoloji gibi alanlarla birlikte
sosyal ve politik psikoloji çalışmaları için de odak konulardan biri haline
gelmiştir. Çatışma konusunun giderek artan önemine binaen bu derleme
çalışmasında çatışma, hem yıkıcı hem yapıcı yönleriyle irdelenmeye çalışılmış,
duyguların çeşitli tanımları, boyutları ve bileşenlerine farklı bakış açıları
ışığında değinilmiştir. Bu derleme çalışmasının ana amacı, hayatın hemen her
alanında rastlanabilen çatışma olgusu ile her birey tarafından kaçınılmaz
olarak deneyimlenen duygu tecrübesinin ilişkisini incelemektir. Bu çalışmada çatışma
ve duygu alanyazınları genel hatlarıyla ele alındıktan sonra bu iki alanın
kesişimden ortaya çıkan görgül çalışmalara yer verilmektedir. Son olarak
çatışma çözümü ve müzakere süreçlerinde duyguların rolü özetlenmektedir. Bu
çerçevede, çalışmanın özellikle Türkiye’de yapılabilecek çatışma çalışmaları ve
müdahale programlarına yol göstermesi hedeflenmektedir.



Kaynakça

  • Allred K. G., Mallozzi JS, Matsui F, Raia CP. (1997). The influence of anger and compassion on negotiation performance. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process. 70(3), 175–87. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2705
  • Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106, 529 –550. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.529
  • Baron, R. A. (1991). Positive effects of conflict: A cognitive perspective. Employees Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4, 25 -36
  • Baron, R. A., Fortin, S. P., Frei, R. L., Hauver, L. A. & Shack, M. L (1990). Reducing organizational conflict: the role of socially-induced positive affect. International Journal of Conflict Management. 1 (2), 133-152. DOI: 10.1108/eb022677
  • Bar-Tal, D. (2007). Sociopsychological Foundations of Intractable Conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1430-1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207302462
  • Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Evil: Inside human cruelty and violence. New York: W.H. Freeman.
  • Bell, C., & Song, F. (2005). Emotions in the conflict process: An application of the cognitive appraisal model of emotions to conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 16(1): 30-54. DOI: 10.1108/eb022922
  • Bodtker, A.M. & Jameson, J.K. (2001). Emotion in Conflict Formation and its Transformation: Application to Organizational Conflict Management, International Journal of Conflict Management, 12(3), 259-275
  • Cabanac M. (2002). What is emotion? Behavioural Processes. 60, 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5
  • Carnevale, P. J. D. & Isen, A. M. (1986). The influence of positive affect and visual access on the discovery of integrative solutions in bilateral negotiation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37, 1-13
  • Cannon, W. B., Britton, S. W., Lewis, J. T.,& Groeneveld, A. (1927). Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine glands. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content, 79(2), 433–465. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1927.79.2.433
  • Chaudhry, A. M. & Asif, R. (2015). Organizational Conflict and Conflict Management: a synthesis of literature. Journal of Business and Management Research, 9, 238-244.
  • Cohen-Chen, S., Crisp, R. J. & Halperin, E. (2017). Hope comes in many forms: Outgroup expressions of hope override low support and promote reconciliation in conflicts. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8, 153–161.
  • Curşeu, P. L., Boros¸, S. & Oerlemans, L. A. G. (2012). Task and relationship conflict in short-term and long-term groups: The critical role of emotion regulation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 23, 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/10444061211199331
  • Dantzer, R. & Kelley, K. W. (1989) Stress and immunity: an integrated view of relationships between the brain and the immune s ystem. Life Science, 44, 1995–2008
  • De Dreu, C.K.W. & Weingart, L.R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 741-749.
  • Ekman, P. (1994). All Emotions Are Basic, P. Ekman, P. & R. Davidson (Ed.) içinde, The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (s. 15-19). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. & Ellsworth, P. (1982). What emotion categories or dimensions can observers judge from facial behavior, P . Ekman (Ed.) içinde, Emotion in the human face (s. 39-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Frijda, N. H. (2004). Emotion and action. A. S. R. Manstead, N. Frijda, & A. Fischer (Ed.) içinde, Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam symposium (s. 158–173). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press
  • Gifford, R. & Hine, D. W. (1997). Toward cooperation in commons dilemmas. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 29(3), 167-179.
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299
  • Halevy, N., Kreps, T. A., Weisel, O. & Goldenberg, A. (2015). Morality in intergroup conflict. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 10-14.
  • Halperin, E. (2011). Emotional barriers to peace: Emotions and public opinion of Jewish Israelis about the peace process in the Middle East. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 17(1), 22–45.
  • Halperin, E. & Reifen-Tagar, M. (2017). Emotions in conflicts: Understanding emotional processes sheds light on the nature and potential resolution of intractable conflicts. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 94-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.017
  • Hine, D.W. & Gifford, R. (1996a). Attributions about self and others in commons dilemmas. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 429-445
  • Jameson, J. K., Bodtker, A. M., Porch, D. M., & Jordan, W. J. (2009). Exploring the role of emotion in conflict transformation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 27(2), 167–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.254
  • Jervis, R. (2006) Understanding Beliefs. Political Psychology, 27 (5), 641–805.
  • Jones, T. S. (2000). Emotional communication in conflict: Essence and impact. W. Eadie & P. Nelson (Eds.) içinde, The language of conflict and resolution (s. 81-104). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Kleinginna, P.R. & Kleinginna, A. M. (1981). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition, Motivation and Emotion, 5, 345-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992553
  • Kopelman, S., Rosette, A.S., & Thompson, L. (2006). The three faces of Eve: Strategic displays of positive, negative, and neutral emotions in negotiations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99(1), 81- 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.08.003
  • Kriesberg, L. & Dayton, B.W. (2012). Constructive Conflicts (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Lazarrus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819-834. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819
  • Lindner, E. G. (2009). Emotion and Conflict: How Human Rights Can Dignify Emotion and Help Us Wage Good Conflict. Westport, CT: Praeger
  • Lindner, E. G. (2014). Emotion and Conflict: Why It Is Important to Understand How Emotions Affect Conflict and How Conflict Affects Emotions. M. Deutsch, P. T. Coleman & E. C. Marcus(Ed.) içinde, The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. Third edition, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602–616. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.602
  • Matsumo, D. & Yoo, S.H. & LeRoux, J.A. (2009). Emotion and intercultural adjustment. Intercultural communication, 7, 77-98.
  • Nair, N. (2008). Towards understanding the role of emotions in conflict: a review and future directions. International Journal of Conflict Management, 19, 4, 359-81.
  • Olsson, A., Nearing, K. I. & Phelps, E. A. (2007). Learning fears by observing others: the neural systems of social fear transmission. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Advance Access, 2, 3-11
  • Ortony, A. & Turner, T. J. (1990). What’s basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315–331
  • Pennebaker, J. W., Rime´, B., & Blankenship, V. E. (1996). Stereotypes of emotional expressiveness of Northerners and Southerners: A cross-cultural test of Montesquieu’s hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 372-380.
  • Prager, Κ. J. (1991). Intimacy status and couple conflict resolution. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 505-526.
  • Putnam, L. L, & Poole, M. S. (1987). Conflict and negotiation. F. M. Jablin, L. L. Putnam, K. H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Ed) içinde. Handbook of organizational communication (s.549-599). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Rahim, A.M. (1992). Managing conflict in organizations, (2nd. Ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers
  • Rosler, N., Cohen-Chen, S., & Halperin, E. (2017). The distinctive effects of empathy and hope in intractable conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 6, 114-139.
  • Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69(5), 379-399.
  • Smith, E. R., Seger, C. R. & Mackie, D. M. (2007). Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence for four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 431–446. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.431
  • Solak, N., Reifen Tagar, M., Cohen-Chen, S., Saguy, T., & Halperin, E. (2016). Disappointment expression evokes collective guilt and collective action in intergroup conflict: the moderating role of legitimacy perceptions. Cognition and Emotion, 31(6), 1112–1126.
  • Swanström, N. &Weissmann, M. (2005). Conflict, conflict prevention and conflict management and beyond: a conceptual exploration. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Slik Road Studies Program
  • Thomas, K. W. (1992). Conflict and Conflict Management: Reflections and Update. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 265-274.
  • Tjosvold, D. (1991). Rights and responsibilities of dissent: Cooperative conflict. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4(1), 13-23.
  • Van Hemert, D. A., Poortinga, Y. H., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2007). Emotion and culture. A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 913-943.
  • Van Kleef, G. A. (2009). How emotions regulate social life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 184-188.
  • Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Esra Hatice Oğuz Taşbaş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ekim 2018
Kabul Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Oğuz Taşbaş, E. H. (2019). Çatışma Ve Çatışma Çözümü Sürecinde Duyguların Rolü. Muhakeme Dergisi, 2(2), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.476068

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