YEŞİLİN KUŞAKLARARASI TONLARI: GELECEK KAYGISI ÇEVRECİ VE TUTUMLU TÜKETİMİ NASIL ŞEKİLLENDİRİYOR?

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı gelecek kaygısının çevreci ve tutumlu tüketim davranışları üzerindeki etkisini X, Y ve Z kuşakları bağlamında incelemektir. Araştırma modelini değerlendirmek için keşifsel ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri, yapısal denklem modellemesi ve çoklu grup analizi gibi bir dizi analitik metodolojiyi kapsayan kapsamlı bir ampirik inceleme yapılmıştır. Çalışma, 990 geçerli anketten oluşan bir örneklem büyüklüğü kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, gelecek kaygısı değişkeninin “gelecek belirsizliği kaygısı - bireyin geleceğinin belirsizliği ile ilişkili kaygısı” ve “kendini ispatlama kaygısı - bireyin özellikle hayatının ilerleyen dönemlerinde saygınlık kazanamayacağı ve hayatta belirli amaçları gerçekleştirememiş olacağıyla ilgili kaygısı” olmak üzere iki farklı faktörden oluşacak şekilde kavramsallaştırılabileceğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, gelecek belirsizliği kaygısının çevreci ve tutumlu tüketim davranışlarını orta düzeyde olumlu yönde, kendini ispatlama kaygısının ise orta düzeyde olumsuz yönde etkilediği saptanmıştır. Çoklu grup analizleri sonucunda yapısal etkilerin kuşaklar bağlamında değiştiği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gelecek Kaygısı
• Çevreci Tüketim Davranışı
• Tutumlu Tüketim Davranışı
• Kuşaklar
• Çoklu Grup Analizi

GENERATIONAL SHADES OF GREEN: HOW FUTURE ANXIETY SHAPES ENVIRONMENTAL AND FRUGAL CONSUMPTION?

Öz

The purpose of this study is examining the effect of future anxiety on environmental and frugal consumption behaviors in the context of X, Y and Z generations. A comprehensive empirical examination was conducted to assess the research model, encompassing a range of analytical methodologies which are exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, structural equation modeling, and multigroup analysis. The study was conducted using a sample size of 990 valid surveys. The results show that the future anxiety variable is conceptualized as consisting of two different factors: “future uncertainty anxiety- the anxiety associated with the uncertainty of one's future” and “self-proving anxiety - the anxiety that the individual will not be able to gain respectability and achieve certain goals in life, particularly in the later stages of their life”. Moreover, it was found that future uncertainty anxiety had a moderate positive effect on environmental and frugal consumption behaviors, whereas self-proving anxiety had a moderate negative effect. As a result of multi-group analysis, the structural relationships change in the context of generations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Future Anxiety
• Environmental Consumption Behavior
• Frugal Consumption Behavior
• Generations
• Multi Group Analysis

Kaynakça

1. Baxter, A. J., Scott, K. M., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013). Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: A systematicreview and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine, 43(5), pp. 897-910.
2. Beck, A. T. (1991). Cognitive Therapy. A 30-year Retrospective. American Psychologist, 4, pp. 368-375.
3. Biswas, A., & Roy, M. (2015). Green products: an exploratory study on the consumer behaviour in emerging economies of the East. Journal of Cleaner Production, 87, pp. 463-468.
4. Bove, L., Nagpal, A., & Dorsett, A. (2009). Exploring the determinants of the frugal shopper. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 16, pp. 291-297.
5. Burns, D. D. (2016). Panik Atakta (1. ed.). (R. Güneş, M. Şaşıoğlu, & A. Nur-Çelik, Trans.) İstanbul: Psikonet Yayınları.
6. Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling with Amos: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (3. ed.). New York: Routledge.
7. Cao, D., Zheng, Y., Liu, C., Yao, X., & Chen, S. (2022). Consumption values, anxiety and organic food purchasing behaviour considering the moderating role of sustainable consumption attitude. British Food Journal, 124(11), pp. 3540-3562.
8. Chaudhary, R., & Bisai, S. (2018). Factors influencing green purchase behavior of millennials in India. Management of Environmental Quality, 29(5), pp. 798-812.

9. Chekima, B., Wafa, S., Igau, O., Chekima, S., & Sondoh Jr., S. (2016, January 20). Examining green consumerism motivational drivers: does premium price and demographics matter to green purchasing? Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, pp. 3436-3450.
10. Chen, Y.‐S. (2011). Green organizational identity: Sources and consequence. Management Decision, 49(3), pp. 384-404
11. Chiu, M.-S. (2012). Gaps Between Valuing and Purchasing Green – Technology Products: Product and Gender Differences. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 8(3), pp. 54-68.
12. Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2021). Kaygı ve Endişe Çalışma Kitabı: Bilişsel Davranışçı Çözüm (1. ed.). (O. Azizlerli, Trans.) İstanbul: Psikonet Yayınları.
13. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
14. De Young, R. (1986). Encouraging Environmentally Appropriate Behavior: The Role of Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Environmental Systems, 15(4), pp. 358-409.
15. Diamantopoulos, A., Schlegelmilch, B. B., Sinkovics, R. R., & Bohlen, G. M. (2003). Can socio-demographics still play a role in profiling green consumers? A review of the evidence and an empirical investigation. Journal of Business Research, 56(6), pp. 465-480.
16. Duplaga, M., & Grysztar, M. (2021). The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 9(43), pp. 1-18.
17. Durmuş, B., Yurtkoru, E., & Çinko, M. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS’le Veri Analizi (4. ed.). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
18. Eisner, S. P. (2005). Managing Generation Y. S.A.M Advanced Management Journal, 70(4), pp. 4-15.
19. Evans, D. (2011). Thrifty, green or frugal: Reflections on sustainable consumption in a changing economic climate. 42, pp. 550-557.
20. Evers, U., Gruner, R. L., Sneddon, J., & Lee, J. A. (2018). Exploring materialism and frugality in determining product end‐use consumption behaviors. Psychology & Marketing, 35(12), pp. 948-956.
21. Finlay-Jones, R., & Brown, G. W. (1981). Types of stressful life event and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders. Psychological Medicine, 11(4), pp. 803-815.
22. Fritsche, I., & Häfner, K. (2012). The Malicious Effects of Existential Threat on Motivation to Protect the Natural Environment and the Role of Environmental Identity as a Moderator. Environment and Behavior, 44(4), pp. 570–590.
23. Goldsmith, R. E., & Flynn, L. R. (2015). The Etiology of Frugal Spending: A Partial Replication and Extension. Comprehensive Psychology, 4(4), pp. 1-7.
24. Goosey, M. (2009). Introduction and Owerview. In R. E. Hester, & R. M. Harrisom (Eds.), Electronic Waste Management: Design, Analysis and Application (Vol. 27). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
25. Gordon-Wilson, S., & Modi, P. (2015). Personality and older consumers’ green behaviour in the UK. Futures, 71, pp. 1-10.
26. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (Pearson New International (7th) ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
27. Horn, J., & McArdle, J. (1992). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 18(3), pp. 117-144.
28. Howe, N., & Strauss, W. (2000). Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation. New York: Vintage Books.
29. Hsu, C.-L., Chang, C.-Y., & Yansritakul, C. (2017). Exploring purchase intention of green skincare products using the theory of planned behavior: Testing the moderating effects of country of origin and price sensitivity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 34, pp. 145-152.
30. Jackson, V., Stoel, L., & Brantley, A. (2011). Mall attributes and shopping value: differences by gender and generational cohort. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(1), pp. 1-9.
31. Jaiswal, D., & Kant, R. (2018). Green purchasing behaviour: A conceptual framework and empirical investigation of Indian consumers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, pp. 60–69.
32. Jin, Y., Pang, A., & Cameron, G. T. (2007). Integrated Crisis Mapping: Toward a Publics-Based, Emotion-Driven Conceptualization in Crisis Communication. Sphera Pública, 7, pp. 81-95.
33. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8 User’s Reference Guide (2. ed.). Chicago: Scientific Software International.
34. Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73:102239.
35. Junior, S., Silva, D. d., Gabriel, M., & Braga, W. d. (2015). The Effects of Environmental Concern on Purchase of Green Products in Retail. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, pp. 99-108.
36. Kaiser, F. G., Ranney, M., Hartig, T., & Bowler, P. A. (1999). Ecological Behavior, Environmental Attitude, and Feelings of Responsibility for the Environment. European Psychologist, 4(2), pp. 59-74.
37. Karagöz, Y. (2019). SPSS ve AMOS Uygulamalı Nicel-Nitel-Karma Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri ve Yayın Etiği (2. ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
38. Kemp, E., Bui, M., & Porter, M. (2021). Preparing for a crisis: examining the influence of fear and anxiety on consumption and compliance. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 38(3), pp. 282–292.
39. Kim, H. K., & Niederdeppe, J. (2013). The Role of Emotional Response during an H1N1 Influenza Pandemic on a College Campus. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(1), pp. 35-50.
40. Kim, H. Y., & Chung, J. E. (2011). Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28(1), pp. 40-47.
41. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4. ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
42. Kupperschmidt, B. R. (2000). Multigeneration employees: strategies for effective management. The Health Care Manager, 19, pp. 65-76.
43. Kurtuluş, K. (2010). Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Türkmen Kitabevi.
44. Lastovicka, J., Bettencourt, L., Hughner, R., & Kuntze, R. (1999). Lifestyle of the Tight and Frugal: Theory andMeasurement. Journal of Consumer Research, 26, pp. 85-98.
45. Li, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, L., Wang, M., & Jiang, X. (2016). Propensity of green consumption behaviors in representative cities in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, pp. 1328-1336.
46. Liobikiené, G., & Juknys, R. (2016). The role of values, environmental risk perception, awareness of consequences, and willingness to assume responsibility for environmentally-friendly behaviour: the Lithuanian case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112(4), pp. 3413-3422.
47. Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation (6. (Global) ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
48. Markert, J. (2004). Demographics of age: generational and cohort confusion. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 26(2), pp. 11-25.
49. Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C., & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), pp. 568-592.
50. Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, pp. 525-543.
51. Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2015). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi AMOS Uygulamaları (2. b.). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
52. Moore, M., & Carpenter, J. (2008). Intergenerational perceptions of market cues among US apparel consumers. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 12(3), pp. 323-337.
53. Nava, M., Blake, A., Macrury, I. M., & Richards, B. (1997). Studies in Advertising and Consumption. London: Routledge.
54. Niva, M., & Timonen, P. (2001). The role of consumers in product-oriented environmental policy: can the consumer be the driving force for environmental improvements? International Journal of Consumer Studies, 25(4), pp. 331-338.
55. Nixon, H., Saphores, J.-D. M., Ogunseitan, O. A., & Shapiro, A. A. (2009). Understanding Preferences for Recycling Electronic Waste in California: The Influence of Environmental Attitudes and Beliefs on Willingness to Pay. Environment and Behavior, 41(1), pp. 101-124.
56. Norum, P. S. (2003). Examination of generational differences in household apparel expenditures. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 32(1), pp. 52-75.
57. O’Cass, A., & McEwen, H. (2004). Exploring Consumer Status and Conspicuous Consumption. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(1), pp. 25-39.
58. OECD. (2008). Promoting Sustainable Consumption Good Practices in OECD Countries.
59. Omar, N. A., Nazri, M. A., Ali, M. H., & Alam, S. S. (2021). The panic buying behavior of consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining the influences of uncertainty, perceptions of severity, perceptions of scarcity, and anxiety. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, p. 102600.
60. Özkan, E. (2017). Kaynak ve Bilgi Kredibilitesi Açısından Tüketici Bilgi Edinme Sürecinin Modellenmesi. Doctoral Thesis. İstanbul University.
61. Paavola, J. (2001). Toward Sustainable Consumption Economics and Ethical Concern for the Environment in Consumer Choices. Review of Social Economy, 9(2), pp. 227-245.
62. Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Fernandez-Robin, C., Hartmann, P., & Yañez-Martinez, D. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective mental well-being: The interplay of perceived threat, future anxiety and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences(170:110455), pp. 1-6.
63. Parment, A. (2013). Generation Y vs. Baby Boomers: Shopping behavior, buyer involvement and implications or retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20, pp. 189-199.
64. Pepper, M., Jackson, T., & Uzzell, D. (2009). An examination of the values that motivate socially conscious and frugal consumer behaviours. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 33, pp. 126-136.
65. Rahimah, A., Khalil, S., Cheng, J., Tran, M., & Panwar, V. (2018). Understanding green purchase behavior through death anxiety and individual social responsibility: Mastery as a moderator. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 17(5), pp. 477-490.
66. Razzaq, A., Sharif, A., Aziz, N., Irfan, M., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). Asymmetric link between environmental pollution and COVID-19 in the top ten affected states of US: A novel estimations from quantile-onquantile approach. Environmental Research, 191, 110189.
67. Ritz, S. A. (2010, January). Air pollution as a potential contributor to the ‘epidemic’ of autoimmune disease. Medical Hypotheses, 74(1), pp. 110-117.
68. Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2020). Yayın Kaygı Bozukluğu Çalışma Kitabı (4. ed.). (A. İtil, E. Bayraktar, & Z. Özmeydan, Trans.) İstanbul: Psikonet Yayınları.
69. Ryder, N. B. (1965). The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change. American Sociological Review, 30(6), pp. 843-861.
70. Schewe, C. D., & Noble, S. M. (2000). Market Segmentation by Cohorts:The Value and Validity of Cohorts in America and Abroad. Journal of Marketing Management, 16, pp. 129-142.
71. Schewe, C., Meredith, G., & Noble, S. (2000). Defining moments: segmenting by cohorts. Marketing Management, 9(3), pp. 48-53.
72. Schmidt, C. W. (2002, April). e-junk Explosion. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(4), A188-A194.
73. Searle, K., & Gow, K. (2010). Do concerns about climate change lead to distress? International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 2(4), pp. 362-379.
74. Sheng, G., Xie, F., Gong, S., & Pan, H. (2019). The Role of Cultural Values in Green Purchasing Intention: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(2), pp. 315-326.
75. Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), pp. 309-317.
76. Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1997). The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy – What the Cycles of History Tell Us About America’s Next Rendezvous with Destiny. New York: Broadway Books.
77. Tapia-Fonllem, C., Corral-Verdugo, V., Fraijo-Sing, B., & Durón-Ramos, M. (2013). Assessing Sustainable Behavior and its Correlates: A Measure of Pro-Ecological, Frugal, Altruistic and Equitable Actions. Sustainability, 5, pp. 711-723.
78. Todd, S., & Lawson, R. (2003). Towards an Understanding of Frugal Consumers. Australasian Marketing Journal, 11(3), pp. 8-18.
79. Usher, K., Durtkin, J., & Bhullar, N. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health impacts. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 3, pp. 315–318.
80. Vess, M., & Arndt, J. (2008). The nature of death and the death of nature: The impact of mortality salience on environmental concer. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), pp. 1376–1380.
81. Williams, K., & Page, R. (2011). Marketing to the Generations. Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business, 3, pp. 37-52.
82. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), pp. 806–838.
83. Yılmaz, M., & Arslan, F. M. (2021). Gelecek Kaygısı ve Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Bilincinin Marka Tutumu ve Satın Alma Niyetine Etkisi: Arçelik Örneği. Journal of Research in Business, 6(2), pp. 510-545.
84. Young, W., Hwang, K., Mcdonald, S., & Oates, C. (2010). Sustainable Consumption: Green Consumer. Sustainable Development, 18, pp. 20-31.
85. Zaleski, Z. (1996). Future Anxiety: Concept, Measurement, and Preliminary Research. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(2), pp. 165-174.
86. Zaleski, Z., Sobol-Kwapińska, M., Przepiorka, A., & Meisner, M. (2019). Development and validation of the Dark Future Scale. Time & Society, 28(1), pp. 107-123.
87. Sheng, G., Xie, F., Gong, S., & Pan, H. (2019). The Role of Cultural Values in Green Purchasing Intention: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(2), pp. 315-326.
88. Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), pp. 309-317.
89. Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1997). The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy – What the Cycles of History Tell Us About America’s Next Rendezvous with Destiny. New York: Broadway Books.
90. Tapia-Fonllem, C., Corral-Verdugo, V., Fraijo-Sing, B., & Durón-Ramos, M. (2013). Assessing Sustainable Behavior and its Correlates: A Measure of Pro-Ecological, Frugal, Altruistic and Equitable Actions. Sustainability, 5, pp. 711-723.
91. Todd, S., & Lawson, R. (2003). Towards an Understanding of Frugal Consumers. Australasian Marketing Journal, 11(3), pp. 8-18.
92. Usher, K., Durtkin, J., & Bhullar, N. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health impacts. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 3, pp. 315–318.
93. Vess, M., & Arndt, J. (2008). The nature of death and the death of nature: The impact of mortality salience on environmental concer. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), pp. 1376–1380.
94. Williams, K., & Page, R. (2011). Marketing to the Generations. Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business, 3, pp. 37-52.
95. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), pp. 806–838.
96. Yılmaz, M., & Arslan, F. M. (2021). Gelecek Kaygısı ve Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Bilincinin Marka Tutumu ve Satın Alma Niyetine Etkisi: Arçelik Örneği. Journal of Research in Business, 6(2), pp. 510-545.
97. Young, W., Hwang, K., Mcdonald, S., & Oates, C. (2010). Sustainable Consumption: Green Consumer. Sustainable Development, 18, pp. 20-31.
98. Zaleski, Z. (1996). Future Anxiety: Concept, Measurement, and Preliminary Research. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(2), pp. 165-174.
99. Zaleski, Z., Sobol-Kwapińska, M., Przepiorka, A., & Meisner, M. (2019). Development and validation of the Dark Future Scale. Time & Society, 28(1), pp. 107-123.
100. Zhao, H.-h., Gao, Q., Wu, Y.-p., Wang, Y., & Zhu, X.-d. (2014). What affects green consumer behavior in China? A case study from Qingdao. Journal of Cleaner Production, 63, pp. 143-151.