Öz
This article intends to describe in general outline and on the basis of first-hand sources the trade conducted between the Black Sea, a region ruled principally by a rural and natural economy, and England, an industrialized western country, in the first half of the 19th century. The reason why the trade was confined to Russian Black Sea is due to the fact that it was conducted almost entirely through the Russian ports at that time. All the calculations and evaluations in the research were made on the basis of the official value of trade items subject to exchange. At the end of the research, which focused on the volume and balance of trade and the composition of goods, it was found out that, the trend of increase observed through the research period became distinct towards the mid-century; the balance of trade was to the benefit of Russia; the Russian exports consisted almost completely of limited agricultural products and natural goods; English export articles comprised a wide variety of goods, in which the industrial products, mines, and colonial merchandise were prominent; and the colonial articles tended to become discernible among the exports towards the mid-century. It was inferred that the character of the trade was determined by the newly emerging industries, the colonial trade and the increasing need of nourishment
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BAŞBAKANLIK OSMANLI ARŞİVİ (BOA), A.DVNS.HADR.d 10; A.DVNs. DVE.d; 30/5, 31/6, 35/2, 37/3, 63/7, 64/8, 65/9, 66/10, 88/6, 89/7, 90/8; A.DVN.DVE (3) 4/10, 11 vd.; A.DVN.DVE (3) 7/26; İzn-i Sefine Defteri: 7
- THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES (UK), Records of Boards of Customs and Excise, CUST 4, Ledgers of Imports Under Countries: 13-45; CUST 8, Ledgers of Exports of British Merchandise Under Countries: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 60- 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 75 (1852A), 87 (1858A), 89 (1859A), 112 (1871), 132 (1891); CUST 10, Ledgers of Exports of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise Under Countries: 9-41, 43.
- “A Memoire on the Trade of the Black Sea (by Henry A. S. Dearborn, Boston, Wells & Lilly, 1819)”, The North American Review, vol. 10, 1820, s. 168-183.
- ANTHOINE, M., Essai Historique sur le Commerce et la Navigation de la Mer Noire, Paris 1805.
- B, W., Observations on the Commerce of Great Britain with the Russian and Ottoman Empires and on the Projects of Russia against the Ottoman and British Dominons, London 1801.
- BLANCHARD, Ian “Russia and International Iron Markets, ca. 1740-1850”, Trade, Commodity Markets and the Mercantile Contribution to Industrialization, Conference Held at the University of Glamorgan, 20-21 April 2001, s. 1-15.
- CAIN, P. J., Hopkıns, A. G.: “The Political Economy of British Expansion Overseas, 1750-1914”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 33, No. 4, November 1980, s. 463-490.
- COLLINS, E. J. T., “Dietary Change and Cereal Consumption in Britain in the Nineteenth Century”, The Agricultural History Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1975, s. 97-115.
- COX, Nancy, Dannehl, Karin: Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities, 1550-1820. University of Wolverhampton, 2007 (http://www.british-history. ac.uk/no-series/traded-goods-dictionary/1550-1820)
- DANSON, T., “Our Trade with Russia, in Peace and War”, Journal of Statistical Society of London, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 1854, s. 193-218.
- DEDE, J., Der Handel des Russischen Reichs, Mitau & Leipzig, 1844.
- ELİBOL, Numan “İzn-i Sefine Kayıtlarının Karadeniz Ticareti ile İlgili Kullanılabilirliği Üzerine Bir Deneme: İngiltere-Rusya Ticareti (1818-1833), Prof. Dr. Mustafa Çetin Varlık Armağanı, Der. Ahmet Şimşirgil vd., KTB Yayınları, İstanbul, 2013, s. 329-357.
- ESTEBAN, Javier Cuenca “The Rising Share of British Industrial Exports in Industrial Output, 1700-1851”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 57, No. 4, December 1997, s. 879-906.
- FAIRLIE, Susan “The Corn Laws and British Wheat Production, 1829-1876”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 22, No. 1, April 1969, s. 88-116.
- GÜLİCH, Gustav von Die Gesammten Gewerblichen Zustände in den Bedeutenden Ländern der Erde, Zweiter Band, Friedrich Frommann, Jena 1844.
- JONG, Jurrien de “Great Britain, the Industrial Revolution and the World Economy, 1780-1914”, Leidschrift, Jaargnag 18, Nummer 2, September 2003, s. 87-107.
- KING, Charles The Black Sea: A History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 2004.
- KIRCHNER, Walther “Introduction: Some Remarks on the Course of Russian-Western Trade Relations”, Commercial Relations between Russia and Europe 1400-1800, Russian and East European Series vol. 33, Indiana University Publications, Indiana ,1966, s.
- Lex Mercatoria, Der. Joseph Chitty, Sixt Edition, v. II, London, 1813.
- PEET, Richard “Influences of British Market on Agricultural Development of Europe Before 1860”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 56, July 1972, s. 1-20.
- RIMLINGER, Gaston V., “Autocracy and the Factory Order in Early Russian Industrialization”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 20, No. 1, March 1960, s. 67-92.
- SANDBERG, Lars G., “Movements in the Quality of British Cotton Textile Exports, 1815-1913”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 28, No. 1, March 1968, s. 1-27.
- WARD, J. R., “The Industrial Revolution and British Imperialism, 1750-1850”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 47, No. 1, February 1994, s. 44-65.
- WILLIAM, Jacob Tracts Relating to the Corn Trade and Corn Laws: Including the Second Report (Notices Respecting the Commerce of the Black Sea and of the Sea of Azoff; More Specifically as Regards the Trade in Wheat), London, John Murray, Albemarle-Street, 1828.
Öz
Bu makalenin amacı, esas itibarıyla zirai bir ekonomiye sahip olan Karadeniz havzası ile sanayileşmiş bir Batı Avrupa ülkesi olan İngiltere arasında 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yapılan ticareti, birinci el kaynaklara dayalı olarak ana hatlarıyla ortaya koymaktır. Karadeniz ticaretinin Rusya ile sınırlandırılmış olması, bu dönemde yapılan ticaretin tamamına yakınının Rus iskeleleriyle gerçekleştiriliyor olması nedeniyledir. Araştırma boyunca yapılan hesaplamalar ve değerlendirmeler, mübadeleye sahne olan malların resmi değerleri üzerinden yapılmıştır. İki bölge arasındaki ticaretin hacmi, ithalat ihracat dengesi ve mal kompozisyonu dikkate alınarak yapılan çalışma sonucunda, taraflar arasında araştırma dönemi boyunca artış eğilimde olan ticaretin yüzyıl ortalarına doğru belirgin biçimde sıçrama içerisine girdiği; ithalat ihracat dengesinin Rusya’nın lehine olduğu; Rusya’nın yaptığı ihracatın tamamına yakınının sınırlı sayıdaki tabii ürün ve hammaddelerden meydana geldiği; İngiliz ihraç mallarının zengin bir yelpaze oluşturduğu ve bu yelpazede sanayi mamulleri, sömürge ürünleri, madenlerin ağırlıklı yere sahip olduğu; ve yüzyıl ortalarına doğru, sömürge ürünlerinin ihraç malları içinde ön plana çıkmaya başladığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Yapılan ticaretin karakterinin şekillenmesinde yeni gelişen endüstri dalları, yaygınlaşan sömürge ticareti ve artan beslenme ihtiyacının belirleyici olduğu kanaatine ulaşılmıştır
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BAŞBAKANLIK OSMANLI ARŞİVİ (BOA), A.DVNS.HADR.d 10; A.DVNs. DVE.d; 30/5, 31/6, 35/2, 37/3, 63/7, 64/8, 65/9, 66/10, 88/6, 89/7, 90/8; A.DVN.DVE (3) 4/10, 11 vd.; A.DVN.DVE (3) 7/26; İzn-i Sefine Defteri: 7
- THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES (UK), Records of Boards of Customs and Excise, CUST 4, Ledgers of Imports Under Countries: 13-45; CUST 8, Ledgers of Exports of British Merchandise Under Countries: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 60- 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 75 (1852A), 87 (1858A), 89 (1859A), 112 (1871), 132 (1891); CUST 10, Ledgers of Exports of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise Under Countries: 9-41, 43.
- “A Memoire on the Trade of the Black Sea (by Henry A. S. Dearborn, Boston, Wells & Lilly, 1819)”, The North American Review, vol. 10, 1820, s. 168-183.
- ANTHOINE, M., Essai Historique sur le Commerce et la Navigation de la Mer Noire, Paris 1805.
- B, W., Observations on the Commerce of Great Britain with the Russian and Ottoman Empires and on the Projects of Russia against the Ottoman and British Dominons, London 1801.
- BLANCHARD, Ian “Russia and International Iron Markets, ca. 1740-1850”, Trade, Commodity Markets and the Mercantile Contribution to Industrialization, Conference Held at the University of Glamorgan, 20-21 April 2001, s. 1-15.
- CAIN, P. J., Hopkıns, A. G.: “The Political Economy of British Expansion Overseas, 1750-1914”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 33, No. 4, November 1980, s. 463-490.
- COLLINS, E. J. T., “Dietary Change and Cereal Consumption in Britain in the Nineteenth Century”, The Agricultural History Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1975, s. 97-115.
- COX, Nancy, Dannehl, Karin: Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities, 1550-1820. University of Wolverhampton, 2007 (http://www.british-history. ac.uk/no-series/traded-goods-dictionary/1550-1820)
- DANSON, T., “Our Trade with Russia, in Peace and War”, Journal of Statistical Society of London, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 1854, s. 193-218.
- DEDE, J., Der Handel des Russischen Reichs, Mitau & Leipzig, 1844.
- ELİBOL, Numan “İzn-i Sefine Kayıtlarının Karadeniz Ticareti ile İlgili Kullanılabilirliği Üzerine Bir Deneme: İngiltere-Rusya Ticareti (1818-1833), Prof. Dr. Mustafa Çetin Varlık Armağanı, Der. Ahmet Şimşirgil vd., KTB Yayınları, İstanbul, 2013, s. 329-357.
- ESTEBAN, Javier Cuenca “The Rising Share of British Industrial Exports in Industrial Output, 1700-1851”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 57, No. 4, December 1997, s. 879-906.
- FAIRLIE, Susan “The Corn Laws and British Wheat Production, 1829-1876”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 22, No. 1, April 1969, s. 88-116.
- GÜLİCH, Gustav von Die Gesammten Gewerblichen Zustände in den Bedeutenden Ländern der Erde, Zweiter Band, Friedrich Frommann, Jena 1844.
- JONG, Jurrien de “Great Britain, the Industrial Revolution and the World Economy, 1780-1914”, Leidschrift, Jaargnag 18, Nummer 2, September 2003, s. 87-107.
- KING, Charles The Black Sea: A History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 2004.
- KIRCHNER, Walther “Introduction: Some Remarks on the Course of Russian-Western Trade Relations”, Commercial Relations between Russia and Europe 1400-1800, Russian and East European Series vol. 33, Indiana University Publications, Indiana ,1966, s.
- Lex Mercatoria, Der. Joseph Chitty, Sixt Edition, v. II, London, 1813.
- PEET, Richard “Influences of British Market on Agricultural Development of Europe Before 1860”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 56, July 1972, s. 1-20.
- RIMLINGER, Gaston V., “Autocracy and the Factory Order in Early Russian Industrialization”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 20, No. 1, March 1960, s. 67-92.
- SANDBERG, Lars G., “Movements in the Quality of British Cotton Textile Exports, 1815-1913”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 28, No. 1, March 1968, s. 1-27.
- WARD, J. R., “The Industrial Revolution and British Imperialism, 1750-1850”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 47, No. 1, February 1994, s. 44-65.
- WILLIAM, Jacob Tracts Relating to the Corn Trade and Corn Laws: Including the Second Report (Notices Respecting the Commerce of the Black Sea and of the Sea of Azoff; More Specifically as Regards the Trade in Wheat), London, John Murray, Albemarle-Street, 1828.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 16 Mart 2015 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 16 Mart 2015 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2 |
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