Creativity and Artificial Intelligence: A Multilevel Perspective

Öz

Artificial intelligence is likely to revolutionize multiple aspects of organizational creativity. Through a multilevel theoretical lens, the present paper reviews the extant body of knowledge on creativity at individual, team and organizational levels, and draws a series of propositions on how the implementation of artificial intelligence may affect each level. Spanning cognitive, behavioural and psychological domains, our propositions aim at directing future research efforts on important creativity-related areas likely to be affected by artificial intelligence, including the trade-off between convergent and divergent thinking, the distribution of skills within groups, and the absorptive capacity of organizations.

Yaratıcılık ve Yapay Zekâ: Çok Düzeyli Bir Bakış Açısı

Öz

Yapay zekânın örgütsel yaratıcılığın birçok alanında devrim yaratması muhtemeldir. Bu makale; çok düzeyli bir teorik mercek aracılığıyla, birey, grup ve örgüt düzeylerinde yaratıcılık üzerine mevcut bilgi birikimini gözden geçirmekte ve yapay zekânın uygulanmasının her bir düzeyi nasıl etkileyebileceğine dair bir dizi önermede bulunmaktadır. Bilişsel, davranışsal ve psikolojik alanları kapsayan önermelerimiz, yapay zekâdan etkilenmesi muhtemel yaratıcılıkla ilgili önemli alanlarda gelecekteki araştırmaları yönlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır; bunlar arasında yakınsak ve ıraksak düşünme arasındaki denge, becerilerin gruplar içindeki dağılımı ve örgütlerin özümseme kapasitesi yer almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• yapay zekâ
• yaratıcılık
• grup
• bilgi
• ekip

Kaynakça

1. Abonamah, A. A., Tariq, M. U. ve Shilbayeh, S. (2021). On the commoditization of artificial intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 696346. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696346
2. Acemoglu, D. ve Restrepo, P. (2019). Automation and new tasks: How technology displaces and reinstates labor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.3
3. Aghion, P., Jones, B. F. ve Jones, C. I. (2018). Artificial intelligence and economic growth. The economics of artificial intelligence: An agenda (s. 237–282) içinde. University of Chicago Press.
4. Alekseeva, L., Azar, J., Gine, M., Samila, S. ve Taska, B. (2021). The demand for AI skills in the labor market. Labour Economics, 71(8), 102002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102002
5. Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.357
6. Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10(1), 123–167.
7. Amabile, T. M. (1993). Motivational synergy: Toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 3(3), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(93)90012-S
8. Amabile, T. M. (2020). Creativity, artificial intelligence, and a world of surprises. Academy of Management Discoveries, 6(3), 351–354.

9. Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S. ve Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 367–403. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.367
10. Amabile, T. M. ve Pratt, M. G. (2016). The dynamic componential model of creativity and innovation in organizations: Making progress, making meaning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 157–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.10.001
11. Amabile, T. M., Schatzel, E. A., Moneta, G. B. ve Kramer, S. J. (2004). Leader behaviors and the work environment for creativity: Perceived leader support. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.003
12. Anantrasirichai, N. ve Bull, D. (2021). Artificial intelligence in the creative industries: A review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 55, 589–656.
13. Anderson, N., Potocnik, K. ve Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1297–1333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314527128
14. Angle, H. L. (1989). Psychology and organizational innovation. A. H. Van de Ven, H. L. Angle ve M. S. Poole (Ed.), Research on the Management of Innovation: The Minnesota studies (s. 135–170) içinde. Harper ve Row.
15. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman Lawrence.
16. Barron, F. ve Harrington, D. M. (1981). Creativity, intelligence, and personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 32(1), 439–476. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.002255
17. Becker, G. S. ve Murphy, K. M. (1992). The division of labor, coordination costs, and knowledge. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(4), 1137–1160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118383
18. Binnewies, C. ve Wörnlein, S. C. (2011). What makes a creative day? A diary study on the interplay between affect, job stressors, and job control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(4), 589–607. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.731
19. Bonnardel, N. ve Marmèche, E. (2004). Evocation processes by novice and expert designers: Towards stimulating analogical thinking. Creativity and Innovation Management, 13(3), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-1690.2004.00307.x
20. Botega, L. F. D. C. ve da Silva, J. C. (2020). An artificial intelligence approach to support knowledge management on the selection of creativity and innovation techniques. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(5), 1107–1130. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2019-0559
21. Bouschery, S. G., Blazevic, V. ve Piller, F. T. (2023). Augmenting human innovation teams with artificial intelligence: Exploring transformer-based language models. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 40(2), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12656
22. Brennan, A. ve Dooley, L. (2005). Networked creativity: A structured management framework for stimulating innovation. Technovation, 25(12), 1388–1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.08.001
23. Bronkhorst, J., Schaveling, J. ve Janssen, M. (2019). Commoditization and IT product innovation strategies from an IT firm perspective. Information Systems Management, 36(2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2019.1587575
24. Campos, J. ve Figueiredo, A. D. D. (2002). Programming for serendipity. Chance discovery-the discovery and management of chance events: Papers from the 2002 AAAI Fall Symposium Technical Report FS-02-01 (s. 48-60) içinde. AAAI Press.
25. Carmeli, A., Dutton, J. E. ve Hardin, A. E. (2015). Respect as an engine for new ideas: Linking respectful engagement, relational information processing and creativity among employees and teams. Human Relations, 68(6), 1021–1047. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714550256
26. Carr, N. G. (2003). IT doesn't matter. Harvard Business Review, 81(5), 41–49.
27. Carr, N. G. (2004). Does IT matter? Harvard Business School Publishing.
28. Chamakiotis, P., Dekoninck, E. A. ve Panteli, N. (2013). Factors influencing creativity in virtual design teams: An interplay between technology, teams and individuals. Creativity and Innovation Management, 22(3), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12039
29. Chambers, J. A. (1964). Relating personality and biographical factors to scientific creativity. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 78(7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093862
30. Cohen, W. M. ve Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128–152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553
31. Collins, C., Dennehy, D., Conboy, K. ve Mikalef, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence in information systems research: A systematic literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Information Management, 60, 102383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102383
32. Corrado, G. (2015). Computer, respond to this email. Google AI Blog. 3/11/2015
33. Cropley, A. (2006). In praise of convergent thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 18(3), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1803_13
34. Dahl, D. W. ve Moreau, P. (2002). The influence and value of analogical thinking during new product ideation. Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.39.1.47.18930
35. Dane, E. (2010). Reconsidering the trade-off between expertise and flexibility: A cognitive entrenchment perspective. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 579–603.
36. DeRosa, D. M., Smith, C. L. ve Hantula, D. A. (2007). The medium matters: Mining the long-promised merit of group interaction in creative idea generation tasks in a meta-analysis of the electronic group brainstorming literature. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1549–1581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.07.003
37. Dewett, T. (2003). Understanding the relationship between information technology and creativity in organizations. Creativity Research Journal, 15(2–3), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ152ve3_08
38. Dornis, T. W. (2020). Artificial creativity: Emergent works and the void in current copyright doctrine. Yale Journal of Law ve Technology, XXII, 1. Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
39. Edmondson, A. C. (2018). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. John Wiley ve Sons.
40. Eisenberger, R. ve Aselage, J. (2009). Incremental effects of reward on experienced performance pressure: Positive outcomes for intrinsic interest and creativity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(1), 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.543
41. Elkins, T. ve Keller, R. T. (2003). Leadership in research and development organizations: A literature review and conceptual framework. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4–5), 587–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00053-5
42. Fairbank, J. F. ve Williams, S. D. (2001). Motivating creativity and enhancing innovation through employee suggestion system technology. Creativity and Innovation Management, 10(2), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8691.00204
43. Ferràs-Hernández, X. (2018). The future of management in a world of electronic brains. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(2), 260–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617724973
44. Fischer, C., Malycha, C. P. ve Schafmann, E. (2019). The influence of intrinsic motivation and synergistic extrinsic motivators on creativity and innovation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00137
45. Ford, C. M. (1996). A theory of individual creative action in multiple social domains. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1112–1142. https://doi.org/10.2307/259166
46. Fu, Z., Niu, X. ve Maher, M. L. (2023). Deep learning models for serendipity recommendations: A survey and new perspectives. ACM Computing Surveys, 56(1), 19. (Ağustos 2023), 26 sayfa
47. Gavetti, G. ve Levinthal, D. (2000). Looking forward and looking backward: Cognitive and experiential search. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(1), 113–137. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666981
48. Glaveanu, V. P. (2020). A sociocultural theory of creativity: Bridging the social, the material, and the psychological. Review of General Psychology, 24(4), 335–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268020961763
49. Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y. ve Courville, A. (2018). Deep learning book. MIT Press.
50. Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. https://doi.org/10.1086/225469
51. Guilford, J. P. (1984). Varieties of divergent production. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1984.tb00984.x
52. Haefner, N., Wincent, J., Parida, V. ve Gassmann, O. (2021). Artificial intelligence and innovation management: A review, framework, and research agenda✰. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162, 120392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120392
53. Hansen, M. T. (1999). The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 82–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667032
54. Harvey, S. (2014). Creative synthesis: Exploring the process of extraordinary group creativity. Academy of Management Review, 39(3), 324–343. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0224
55. Hülsheger, U. R., Anderson, N. ve Salgado, J. F. (2009). Team-level predictors of innovation at work: A comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1128–1145. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015978
56. Hunt, E. (2016, 24 Mart). Tay, Microsoft's AI chatbot, gets a crash course in racism from Twitter. The Guardian.
57. Kanter, R. M. (1983). The change masters: Innovation for productivity in the American corporation. Simon and Schuster.
58. Kaplan, A. ve Haenlein, M. (2019). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 62(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004
59. Katila, R. ve Ahuja, G. (2002). Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1183–1194. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069433
60. Kennedy, I. G., Whitehead, D. ve Ferdinand-James, D. (2022). Serendipity: A way of stimulating researchers' creativity. Journal of Creativity, 32(1), 100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjoc.2021.100014
61. Kittur, A., Yu, L., Hope, T., Chan, J., Lifshitz-Assaf, H., Gilon, K., Ng, F., Kraut, R. E. ve Shahaf, D. (2019). Scaling up analogical innovation with crowds and AI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(6), 1870–1877. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807185116
62. Köbis, N. ve Mossink, L. D. (2021). Artificial intelligence versus Maya Angelou: Experimental evidence that people cannot differentiate AI-generated from human-written poetry. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106553
63. Kosinski, M., Wang, Y., Lakkaraju, H. ve Leskovec, J. (2016). Mining big data to extract patterns and predict real-life outcomes. Psychological Methods, 21(4), 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000105
64. Lee, Y. N., Walsh, J. P. ve Wang, J. (2015). Creativity in scientific teams: Unpacking novelty and impact. Research Policy, 44(3), 684–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.10.007
65. Lenat, D. B. (1982). The nature of heuristics. Artificial Intelligence, 19(2), 189–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(82)90036-4
66. Litchfield, R. C. (2008). Brainstorming reconsidered: A goal-based view. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 649–668. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.32465708
67. Mainemelis, C., Kark, R. ve Epitropaki, O. (2015). Creative leadership: A multi-context conceptualization. Academy of Management Annals, 9(1), 393–482. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2015.1024502
68. Mariani, M. M., Machado, I., Magrelli, V. ve Dwivedi, Y. K. (2023). Artificial intelligence in innovation research: A systematic review, conceptual framework, and future research directions. Technovation, 122(4), 102623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102623
69. Mazzone, M. ve Elgammal, A. (2019). Art, creativity, and the potential of artificial intelligence. Art, 8(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts8010026
70. McLean, L. D. (2005). Organizational culture's influence on creativity and innovation: A review of the literature and implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(2), 226–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422305274528
71. Mikalef, P. ve Gupta, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence capability: Conceptualization, measurement calibration, and empirical study on its impact on organizational creativity and firm performance. Information ve Management, 58(3), 103434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2021.103434
72. Mullen, B., Johnson, C. ve Salas, E. (1991). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1201_1
73. Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S. ve Gaddis, B. (2003). How creative leaders think: Experimental findings and cases. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4–5), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00045-6
74. Mumford, M. D., Scott, G. M., Gaddis, B. ve Strange, J. M. (2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 705–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00158-3
75. Murayama, K., Nirei, M. ve Shimizu, H. (2015). Management of science, serendipity, and research performance: Evidence from a survey of scientists in Japan and the US. Research Policy, 44(4), 862–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.018
76. Neirotti, P. ve Paolucci, E. (2007). Assessing the strategic value of information technology: An analysis on the insurance sector. Information ve Management, 44(6), 568–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2007.05.005
77. Newman, A., Donohue, R. ve Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
78. Ng, A. (2017). Artificial intelligence is the new electricity. [Sunum] Stanford MSx Future Forum.
79. Obschonka, M. ve Audretsch, D. B. (2020). Artificial intelligence and big data in entrepreneurship: A new era has begun. Small Business Economics, 55(3), 529–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00202-4
80. Oldham, G. R. ve Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/256657
81. Paesano, A. (2021). Artificial intelligence and creative activities inside organizational behavior. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(5), 1694–1723.
82. Paulus, P. ve Kenworthy, J. (2019). Effective brainstorming. P. Paulus ve B. A. Nijstad (Ed.), Handbook of group creativity: Innovation through collaboration (s. 287–306) içinde. Oxford University Press.
83. Pedota, M. ve Piscitello, L. (2022). A new perspective on technology-driven creativity enhancement in the fourth industrial revolution. Creativity and Innovation Management, 31(1), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12468
84. Pietronudo, M. C., Croidieu, G. ve Schiavone, F. (2022). A solution looking for problems? A systematic literature review of the rationalizing influence of artificial intelligence on decision-making in innovation management. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 182, 121828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121828
85. Rai, A., Constantinides, P. ve Sarker, S. (2019). Next generation digital platforms: Toward human-AI hybrids. MIS Quarterly, 43(1), iii–ix.
86. Rosso, B. D., Dekas, K. H. ve Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 91–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2010.09.001
87. Runco, M. A. ve Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.650092
88. Schweisfurth, T. G. ve Raasch, C. (2018). Absorptive capacity for need knowledge: Antecedents and effects for employee innovativeness. Research Policy, 47(4), 687–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.01.017
89. Scott, G., Leritz, L. E. ve Mumford, M. D. (2004). The effectiveness of creativity training: A quantitative review. Creativity Research Journal, 16(4), 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410409534549
90. Sherry, Y. ve Thompson, N. C. (2021). How fast do algorithms improve?. Proceedings of the IEEE, 109(11), 1768–1777.
91. Shin, S. J., Kim, T. Y., Lee, J. Y. ve Bian, L. (2012). Cognitive team diversity and individual team member creativity: A cross-level interaction. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0270
92. Shneiderman, B. (2002). Creativity support tools. Communications of the ACM, 45(10), 116–120. https://doi.org/10.1145/570907.570945
93. Shneiderman, B. (2007). Creativity support tools: Accelerating discovery and innovation. Communications of the ACM, 50(12), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1145/1323688.1323689
94. Siau, K. L. (1995). Group creativity and technology. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 29(3), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1995.tb00749.x
95. Simon, H. A. (1991). Bounded rationality and organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.125
96. Simonton, D. K. (1999). Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity. Oxford University Press.
97. Singh, B. (1986). Role of personality versus biographical factors in creativity. Psychological Studies, 31, 90–92.
98. Sturm, T., Gerlach, J. P., Pumplun, L., Mesbah, N., Peters, F., Tauchert, C., Nan, N. ve Buxmann, P. (2021). Coordinating human and machine learning for effective organizational learning. MIS Quarterly, 45(3), 1581–1602. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2021/16543
99. Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250171105
100. Tan, S. Y. ve Tatsumura, Y. (2015). Alexander Fleming (1881–1955): Discoverer of penicillin. Singapore Medical Journal, 56(7), 366–367. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2015105
101. Tanggaard, L., Laursen, D. N. ve Szulevicz, T. (2016). The grip on the handball – A qualitative analysis of the influence of materiality on creativity in sport. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 8(1), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2015.1012546
102. Taylor, A. ve Greve, H. R. (2006). Superman or the fantastic four? Knowledge combination and experience in innovative teams. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 723–740. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.22083029
103. Teodoridis, F., Bikard, M. ve Vakili, K. (2019). Creativity at the knowledge frontier: The impact of specialization in fast-and slow-paced domains. Administrative Science Quarterly, 64(4), 894–927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839218793384
104. Tesluk, P. E., Farr, J. L. ve Klein, S. R. (1997). Influences of organizational culture and climate on individual creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 31(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1997.tb00779.x
105. Todorova, G. ve Durisin, B. (2007). Absorptive capacity: Valuing a reconceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 774–786. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.25275513
106. Townsend, D. M. ve Hunt, R. A. (2019). Entrepreneurial action, creativity, ve judgment in the age of artificial intelligence. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 11, e00126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00126
107. Truong, Y. ve Papagiannidis, S. (2022). Artificial intelligence as an enabler for innovation: A review and future research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 183, 121852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121852
108. Tsui, A. S. ve O'reilly, C. A. III (1989). Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32(2), 402–423. https://doi.org/10.2307/256368
109. Tubadji, A., Huang, H. ve Webber, D. J. (2021). Cultural proximity bias in AI-acceptability: The importance of being human. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, 121100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121100
110. Van Knippenberg, D. ve Schippers, M. C. (2007). Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 515–541. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085546
111. Vessey, W. B. ve Mumford, M. D. (2012). Heuristics as a basis for assessing creative potential: Measures, methods, and contingencies. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.652928
112. Von Hippel, E. (2006). Democratizing innovation. MIT Press.
113. Williams, K. ve O'Reilly, C. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of forty years of research. R. I. Sutton ve B. M. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (s. 77–140) içinde. JAI Press.
114. Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E. ve Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 293–321. https://doi.org/10.2307/258761
115. Zahra, S. A. ve George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.2307/4134351
116. Zhang, X. ve Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48037118
117. Zhou, J. (2008). Promoting creativity through feedback. J. Zhou ve C. E. Shalley (Ed.), Handbook of organizational creativity (s. 125–145) içinde. Erlbaum.
118. Zhu, Y. Q., Gardner, D. G. ve Chen, H. G. (2018). Relationships between work team climate, individual motivation, and creativity. Journal of Management, 44(5), 2094–2115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316638161
119. Zylinska, J. (2023). Art in the age of artificial intelligence. Science, 381(6654), 139–140. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adh0575