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Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin Türk eğitim politikaları bağlamında yeniden üretimi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 36 - 56, 31.12.2024

Öz

Uluslararası anlaşmalar ve ulusal mevzuat doğrultusunda, toplumsal cinsiyet sınırlılıklarının karşılaştırmalı araştırma modeli ile tartışılması amaçlanmaktadır. Yeniden üretim sürecine hizmet eden Türk eğitim politikaları bağlamında, toplumsal cinsiyet sorunsalının kapsamlı olarak değerlendirilmemiş olması literatürde bir eksikliktir. Bu çalışmada, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin eğitimde ideolojik olarak yeniden üretildiği varsayılacaktır. Türk eğitim sisteminde yapılan yasal düzenlemeler, Devlet Kalkınma Planları, Milli Eğitim Şuraları vb. politika belgeleri içerik çözümlemesi ile değerlendirilecektir. Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin, Türk eğitim politikaları aracılığı ile nasıl yeniden üretildiği vurgulanarak, eğitim sorunlarının belirleme ve uygulama politikaları arasında olan tutarsızlıktan kaynaklandığı savunulacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Althusser, L. (2010). Ideology and the ideological apparatus of the state. (A. Tümertekin, trans.), İstanbul: İthaki Editions.
  • Apple, M. W. (2012). Education and power. (E. Bulut, trans.), İstanbul: Kalkedon.
  • Arnot M. (2002). Reproducing Gender? Essays on Educational Theory and Feminist Politics. London: Routledge Falmer.
  • Bardin. L (2011). L’analyse de Contenu. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France.
  • Boudon, R. (1986). L’idéologie. L’origine des idées reçues. Paris : Librairie Artheme Fayard.
  • Bourdieu, P. ve Passeron, J.-C. (1964). Les Héritiers. Les étudiants et la culture. Paris : Les Editions de Minuit.
  • Bourdieu, P. ve Passeron, J.-C. (1970). La reproduction. Eléments pour une théorie du système d’Enseignement. Paris : Les Editions de Minuit.
  • Butler, J. (2008). Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity (trans. B. Ertür, 3rd Editions), İstanbul: Metis.
  • Council of Higher Education (2022). “List of Public and Private University”. retrieved from https://www.yok.gov.tr/universiteler/universitelerimiz (02.04.2022).
  • Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye (1982). retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2709.pdf (27.03.2022).
  • Council of Europe (2011). “Istanbul Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence”. retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/council-of-europe-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-violence-against-women-and-domestic-violence (24.09.2022).
  • Council of Higher Education (2015). “Council of Higher Education gender equality attitude sheet”. retrieved from https://dekaum.deu.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Tutum-Belgesi.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Council of Higher Education (2019). “Council of Higher Education gender equality attitude sheet. Press briefing”. retrieved from https://basin.yok.gov.tr/InternetHaberleriBelgeleri/İnternet%20Haber%20Belgeleri/2019/64_o_belgenin_adida_icerigide_degisiyor.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Dewey, J. (2003). Education and social change. The Social Frontier, 3, 235-238.
  • Durkheim, E. (1968). Education et sociologie. Paris : Les Presses Universitaires de France.
  • Foucault, M. (2011). Subject and power - selected essays 2. (I. Ergüden & O. Akınhay, trans., 3rd Editions), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Editions.
  • Giroux, H. A. (1998). Teachers as ıntellectuals. New York: Bergin and Garey.
  • Kaplan, İ. (2011). National Education Ideology in Türkiye and Its Effect on Political Socialization. İstanbul: İletişim Editions.
  • Laslett, B. and Brenner, J. (1989). Gender and social reproduction: historical perspectives, Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 381-404.
  • Maguire, M. (2002). Globalization, education policy and the teacher, International Studies in Sociology of Education, 12(3), 261-276.
  • Meyer, E. J. (2007). Gender and sexual diversity in schools. New York: Springer.
  • Ministry of National Education (1962). “7th National Education Council”. retrieved from https://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2021_12/08162906_7_sura.pdf (31.03.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (1988). “12th National Education Council”. retrieved from https://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2017_09/29165252_12_sura.pdf (31.03.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (1999). “16th National Education Council”. retrieved from https://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2020_02/21142534_16_sura.pdf (31.03.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2010). “18th National Education Council”. retrieved from https://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2017_09/29170222_18_sura.pdf (31.03.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2013). “Secondary Education Democracy and Human Rights Curriculum”. retrieved from http://mufredat.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=1106 (01.04.2022). Ministry of National Education (2017). “Ministry of National Education Social Activities Regulation”. retrieved from https://ogm.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2017_06/14142206_yYnetmelik.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2018). “Human rights, citizenship and democracy course curriculum -Primary School 4th Grade-”. retrieved from http://mufredat.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Dosyalar/2018120202622474-INSAN%20HAKLARI%20YURTTASLIK%20VE%20DEMOKRASI%20OGRETIM%20PROGRAMI.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2019). “Ministry of National Education Social Activities Regulation”. retrieved from https://ogm.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2019_09/25145204_SOSYAL_ETKYNLYKLER_YON.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2022a). “Primary schools weekly lesson schedule”. retrieved from http://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2022_01/19093950_ilkogretim-hdc-karar-ve-eki-2022-2023.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2022b). “Secondary education institutions weekly course schedule”. retrieved from http://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2022_01/19094445_OrtaoYretim-hdc-2022-2023.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • National Education Basic Law (1973). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.1739.pdf (27.03.2022).
  • Oakley, A. (1972). Sex, gender and society. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Özaydınlık, K. (2014). Women and education in Türkiye on the basis of gender, Journal of Social Policy Studies, 33, 93-112. Platon (2021). State. 45th Edition. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Editions.
  • Scott, D. (2000). Reading educational research and policy. Londra: Routledge/Falmer Editions. Sönmez, V. (2017). Educational philosophy. 10th Edition. Ankara: Anı Editions.
  • State Planning Organization (1967). “2nd Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Ikinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1968-1972.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (1995). “7th Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Yedinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1996-2000.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (2000). “Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Sekizinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-2001-2005.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (2006). “Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Dokuzuncu_Kalkinma_Plani-2007-2013.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (2013). “Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Onuncu_Kalkinma_Plani-2014-2018.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (2018). “11th Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • Tezcan, M. (2003). The Hidden Curriculum: A Concept Analysis for the Sociology of Education, Turkish Journal of Educational Sciences, 1(1), 53-59.
  • Tural, N. and Karakütük, K. (1991). Education Policy, Journal of Education and Science, 15(82), 16-24. TÜSİAD (2008). Gender Inequality in Türkiye: Problems, Priorities and Solutions, TÜSİAD-T/2008- Report No. 07/468. Ankara: TÜSİAD.
  • Ünal, I. L. (2005). Education as a reproduction process of economic ideology, Economic Approach,16(57), 35-50. United Nations (1960). “Convention Against Discrimination in Education”. retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-discrimination-education (20.09.2022).
  • United Nations (1979). “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”. retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women (20.09.2022).
  • United Nations (1995). “Beijing Action Plan”. retrieved from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/BDPfA%20E.pdf (21.09.2022).
  • United Nations (2000). Millennium Development Goals Declaration. retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/millennium-development-goals-(mdgs) (24.09.2022).
  • Vogel, L. (2003). Women in Marxist Theory. (trans. M. Öngören). İstanbul: Pencere Editions.
  • Weber, R. P. (1989). Basic content analysis. Londra: Sage University Paper.
  • Wiborg, S. (2000). Political and Cultural Nationalism in Education. The Ideas of Rousseau and Herder Concerning National Education, Comparative Education Nigel Grant Festschrift, 36(22), 235-243.

REPRODUCTION OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF TURKISH EDUCATION POLICIES

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 36 - 56, 31.12.2024

Öz

In this study, it is aimed to discuss the limitations of gender based on international agreements and the national legislation, and thus a relational and comparative research model. The fact that the gender problematic has not been evaluated in terms of all components of Turkish education policies (that directly mediate themselves in this reproduction) is a deficiency in the research literature. In this study, it will be assumed that gender inequality is reproduced ideologically in education. Legal arrangements made in the Turkish education system, State Development Plans, National Education Councils, etc. policy documents will be evaluated by content analysis. By highlighting how gender inequality is reproduced through Turkish education policies, it will be argued that nowadays the education problems stem from the inconsistency between determination and application policies.

Kaynakça

  • Althusser, L. (2010). Ideology and the ideological apparatus of the state. (A. Tümertekin, trans.), İstanbul: İthaki Editions.
  • Apple, M. W. (2012). Education and power. (E. Bulut, trans.), İstanbul: Kalkedon.
  • Arnot M. (2002). Reproducing Gender? Essays on Educational Theory and Feminist Politics. London: Routledge Falmer.
  • Bardin. L (2011). L’analyse de Contenu. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France.
  • Boudon, R. (1986). L’idéologie. L’origine des idées reçues. Paris : Librairie Artheme Fayard.
  • Bourdieu, P. ve Passeron, J.-C. (1964). Les Héritiers. Les étudiants et la culture. Paris : Les Editions de Minuit.
  • Bourdieu, P. ve Passeron, J.-C. (1970). La reproduction. Eléments pour une théorie du système d’Enseignement. Paris : Les Editions de Minuit.
  • Butler, J. (2008). Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity (trans. B. Ertür, 3rd Editions), İstanbul: Metis.
  • Council of Higher Education (2022). “List of Public and Private University”. retrieved from https://www.yok.gov.tr/universiteler/universitelerimiz (02.04.2022).
  • Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye (1982). retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2709.pdf (27.03.2022).
  • Council of Europe (2011). “Istanbul Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence”. retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/council-of-europe-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-violence-against-women-and-domestic-violence (24.09.2022).
  • Council of Higher Education (2015). “Council of Higher Education gender equality attitude sheet”. retrieved from https://dekaum.deu.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Tutum-Belgesi.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Council of Higher Education (2019). “Council of Higher Education gender equality attitude sheet. Press briefing”. retrieved from https://basin.yok.gov.tr/InternetHaberleriBelgeleri/İnternet%20Haber%20Belgeleri/2019/64_o_belgenin_adida_icerigide_degisiyor.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Dewey, J. (2003). Education and social change. The Social Frontier, 3, 235-238.
  • Durkheim, E. (1968). Education et sociologie. Paris : Les Presses Universitaires de France.
  • Foucault, M. (2011). Subject and power - selected essays 2. (I. Ergüden & O. Akınhay, trans., 3rd Editions), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Editions.
  • Giroux, H. A. (1998). Teachers as ıntellectuals. New York: Bergin and Garey.
  • Kaplan, İ. (2011). National Education Ideology in Türkiye and Its Effect on Political Socialization. İstanbul: İletişim Editions.
  • Laslett, B. and Brenner, J. (1989). Gender and social reproduction: historical perspectives, Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 381-404.
  • Maguire, M. (2002). Globalization, education policy and the teacher, International Studies in Sociology of Education, 12(3), 261-276.
  • Meyer, E. J. (2007). Gender and sexual diversity in schools. New York: Springer.
  • Ministry of National Education (1962). “7th National Education Council”. retrieved from https://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2021_12/08162906_7_sura.pdf (31.03.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (1988). “12th National Education Council”. retrieved from https://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2017_09/29165252_12_sura.pdf (31.03.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (1999). “16th National Education Council”. retrieved from https://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2020_02/21142534_16_sura.pdf (31.03.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2010). “18th National Education Council”. retrieved from https://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2017_09/29170222_18_sura.pdf (31.03.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2013). “Secondary Education Democracy and Human Rights Curriculum”. retrieved from http://mufredat.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=1106 (01.04.2022). Ministry of National Education (2017). “Ministry of National Education Social Activities Regulation”. retrieved from https://ogm.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2017_06/14142206_yYnetmelik.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2018). “Human rights, citizenship and democracy course curriculum -Primary School 4th Grade-”. retrieved from http://mufredat.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Dosyalar/2018120202622474-INSAN%20HAKLARI%20YURTTASLIK%20VE%20DEMOKRASI%20OGRETIM%20PROGRAMI.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2019). “Ministry of National Education Social Activities Regulation”. retrieved from https://ogm.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2019_09/25145204_SOSYAL_ETKYNLYKLER_YON.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2022a). “Primary schools weekly lesson schedule”. retrieved from http://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2022_01/19093950_ilkogretim-hdc-karar-ve-eki-2022-2023.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • Ministry of National Education (2022b). “Secondary education institutions weekly course schedule”. retrieved from http://ttkb.Ministry of National Education.gov.tr/Ministry of National Education_iys_dosyalar/2022_01/19094445_OrtaoYretim-hdc-2022-2023.pdf (01.04.2022).
  • National Education Basic Law (1973). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.1739.pdf (27.03.2022).
  • Oakley, A. (1972). Sex, gender and society. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Özaydınlık, K. (2014). Women and education in Türkiye on the basis of gender, Journal of Social Policy Studies, 33, 93-112. Platon (2021). State. 45th Edition. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Editions.
  • Scott, D. (2000). Reading educational research and policy. Londra: Routledge/Falmer Editions. Sönmez, V. (2017). Educational philosophy. 10th Edition. Ankara: Anı Editions.
  • State Planning Organization (1967). “2nd Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Ikinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1968-1972.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (1995). “7th Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Yedinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1996-2000.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (2000). “Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Sekizinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-2001-2005.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (2006). “Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Dokuzuncu_Kalkinma_Plani-2007-2013.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (2013). “Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Onuncu_Kalkinma_Plani-2014-2018.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • State Planning Organization (2018). “11th Five-Year State Development Plans”. retrieved from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf (29.03.2022).
  • Tezcan, M. (2003). The Hidden Curriculum: A Concept Analysis for the Sociology of Education, Turkish Journal of Educational Sciences, 1(1), 53-59.
  • Tural, N. and Karakütük, K. (1991). Education Policy, Journal of Education and Science, 15(82), 16-24. TÜSİAD (2008). Gender Inequality in Türkiye: Problems, Priorities and Solutions, TÜSİAD-T/2008- Report No. 07/468. Ankara: TÜSİAD.
  • Ünal, I. L. (2005). Education as a reproduction process of economic ideology, Economic Approach,16(57), 35-50. United Nations (1960). “Convention Against Discrimination in Education”. retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-discrimination-education (20.09.2022).
  • United Nations (1979). “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”. retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women (20.09.2022).
  • United Nations (1995). “Beijing Action Plan”. retrieved from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/BDPfA%20E.pdf (21.09.2022).
  • United Nations (2000). Millennium Development Goals Declaration. retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/millennium-development-goals-(mdgs) (24.09.2022).
  • Vogel, L. (2003). Women in Marxist Theory. (trans. M. Öngören). İstanbul: Pencere Editions.
  • Weber, R. P. (1989). Basic content analysis. Londra: Sage University Paper.
  • Wiborg, S. (2000). Political and Cultural Nationalism in Education. The Ideas of Rousseau and Herder Concerning National Education, Comparative Education Nigel Grant Festschrift, 36(22), 235-243.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Siyaset
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Ebru Eren 0000-0002-3482-0504

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 2 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 20 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Eren, E. (2024). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin Türk eğitim politikaları bağlamında yeniden üretimi. Marmara Üniversitesi Kadın Ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 36-56.