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Yıl 2015, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 179 - 216, 20.06.2015

Esra Akgemci

Öz

The student movement of the 2006 and 2011 that arose in Chile, the country where neoliberal economic theories were first applied, is one of the most important processes of social mobilization in Latin America in the last decade. Neoliberal reforms that were principally imposed under Pinochet, and then reshaped by the “acuerdos politics” of the center-left coalition (Concertación) governments led to a radical and painful process of social transformation. Neoliberal policies were adopted throughout Latin America subsequent to the 1982 debt crisis, whereas the neoliberal restructuring had already been deepening and extending in Chile. Despite the failure of neoliberal policies that caused Latin America to be the most unequal region in the world, Chile has been considered as an exceptional case of neoliberal success in the Global South, and was regarded as a role model among the Latin American countries. Chile as one of South America’s most stable and prosperous nations has considerably high rates of competitive power and per capita income, and one of the lowest rates of corruption and crime among the countries in the region. However the student movement that led to Penguin Revolution in 2006 and Chilean Winter in 2011, revealed the social inequality and injustice behind the high and stable rates of growth. This paper aims to discuss the effects of the neoliberal experiment in Chile from the point of the student movement, and analyze this movement in the context of post-neoliberal transformation process in Latin America. The struggle against to neoliberal education reform of high school students, also called “Penguins” for the color of their school uniform, achieved to mobilize many segments of Chilean society against the neoliberal project during the Chilean Winter of 2011. By considering the Chilean Winter as a result of “neoliberal spring”, the article aims to examine the improvement process of the student movement

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chilean Winter Penguin Revolution Chilean student movement neoliberal education model post-neoliberal transformation process

Kaynakça

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  • https://nacla.org/blog/2015/03/03/chilean-students-struggle-deepen-educationalreforms. Son erişim tarihi, 19.04.2015.
  • Aedo C ve Sapelli C (2001). El Sistema de Vouchers en Educación: Una Revisión de la Teoría y Evidencia Empírica para Chile. Estudios Públicos, 82, 35-82.
  • Alarcón Ferrari C (2007). The student Movement in Chile During 2006 and Beyond: Reclaiming the Right to Education in a Worldwide Symbol of Free Market, Neoliberalism and Capitalist Hegemony. Proceedings of the 5th Critical Management Studies Conference, University of Manchester.
  • Angell A ve Carstairs S (1987). The Exile Question in Chilean Politics. Third World Quarterly, 9 (1), 148-67.
  • Arditi B (2008). Arguments about the Left Turns in Latin America: A Post-Liberal Politics?. Latin American Research Review, 43 (3), 59-81.
  • BBC (21/10/2011). Chile Students Disrupt Senate Meeting to Press Demands. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15397816. Son erişim tarihi, 15.05.2015.
  • BBC Mundo (18/10/2011). Camila Vallejo: “Entendemos la Lucha de los Indignados, pero en Chile Pasamos la Etapa del Descontento”. http://www.elmostrador.cl/pais/2011/10/18/camila-vallejo-entendemos-la-lucha-de-los-indignados-pero-enchile-pasamos-la-etapa-del-descontento/. Son erişim tarihi, 15.05.2015.
  • Beckett A (2002). Pinochet in Piccadilly: Britain and Chile’s Hidden History. London:Faber&Faber.
  • Bellei C ve Cabalin C (2013). Chilean Student Movements: Sustained Struggle to Transform a Market-oriented Educational System. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 15 (2), 108-123.
  • Bellei C ve Cabalin C ve Orellana V (2014). The 2011 Chilean Student Movement Against Neoliberal Educational Policies. Studies in Higher Education, 39 (3), 426-440.
  • Biekart K (2005). Seven Theses on Latin American Social Movements and Political Change: A Tribute to André Gunder Frank (1929-2005). Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, 79, 85-94.
  • Brunner J J (1993). Chile’s Higher Education: Between Market and State, Higher Education, 25, 35-43.
  • Burdick J ve Oxhorn P ve Roberts K M (der) (2009). Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and Politics at the Crossroads. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cabalin C (2012). Neoliberal Education and Student Movements in Chile: Inequalities and Malaise. Policy Futures in Education, 10 (2), 219-228.
  • Casteñeda J G (2006). Latin America’s Left Turn. Foreign Affairs, 85 (3), 28-43.
  • Chovanec D M ve Benitez A (2008). The Penguin Revolution in Chile: Exploring
  • Intergenerational Learning in Social Movements. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education, 3 (1), 39-57.
  • CNN Chile (09/06/2013), Mario Waissbluth: “Tenemos un apartheid educativo”. http://www.cnnchile.com/noticia/2013/06/09/mario-waissbluth-tenemos-un-apartheideducativo. Son erişim tarihi, 20.04.2015.
  • Coşkun M K (2006). Süreklilik ve Kopuş Teorileri Bağlamında Türkiye’de Eski ve Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler. SBF Dergisi, 61 (1), 67-102.
  • De Bruto A B (1998). Human Rights and Democratization in Latin America: Uruguay and Chile. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • De Ferranti (2004). Inequality in Latin America: Breaking with History?. Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Domedel A ve Peña y Lillo M (2008). El Mayo de los Pingüinos, Santiago: Ediciones Radio Universidad de Chile.
  • Ellner S (2004). Leftist Goals and the Debate over Anti-Neoliberal Strategy in Latin America, Science & Society, 68 (1), 10-32.
  • Ercan F (1999). 1980’lerde Eğitim Sisteminin Yeniden Yapılanması: Küreselleşme ve Neoliberal Eğitim Politikaları. İçinde: F Gök (der), Bilanço ’98 Yayın Dizisi: 75 yılda Eğitim, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 23-37.
  • Fazio H ve Parada M (2010). Veinte años de política económica de la concertación. Santiago de Chile: LOM Ediciones.
  • Ffrench-Davis R (2010). Economic Reforms in Chile: From Dictatorship to Democracy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ffrench-Davis R (2014). Chile Entre El Neoliberalismo y El Crecimiento con Equidad, Santiago: JC Saez Editor.
  • Frank A G (1976). Economic Genocide in Chile: Monetarist Theory Versus Humanity: Two Open Letters to Arnold Harberger and Milton Friedman. Santiago: Spokesman Books.
  • Frank V (2004) Politics without Policy: The Failure of Social Concertation in Democratic Chile: 1990-2000. İçinde: P Winn (der), Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973-2002. Durham: Duke University Press, 71-124.
  • Frenkel R ve Damill M ve Rapetti M (2013). Financial and Currency Crises in Latin America. İçinde: M H Wolfson ve G Epstein (der), The Handbook of the Political Economy of Financial Crises. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gauri V (1998). School Choice In Chile: Two Decades of Educational Reform. Pittsburg: Pittsburg University Press.
  • Goldberg P A (1975). The Politics of the Allende Overthrow in Chile. Political Science Quarterly, 90 (1), 93-116.
  • Grugel J ve Riggirozzi P (der.) (2009). Governance after Neoliberalism in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Grugel J ve Riggirozzi P (2012). Post-neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and Reclaiming the State after Crisis. Development and Change, 43 (1): 1-21.
  • Hardt M ve Negri A (2012). Duyuru. Çev. A Yılmaz, İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Harvey D (2007). Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610, 22-44.
  • Hitchens C (2001). The Trial of Henry Kissinger. New York: Verso.
  • Joiko S (2011). La Política de Equidad y El Nuevo Sistema de Vouchers en Chile: Reflexiones Críticas. RMIE, 16 (50), 829-852.
  • Karakuş Candan T (2014) Neoliberal Laboratuvar Şili: Türkiye ile Benzerlikler, Farklar, Kıyaslar. Ankara: Notabene.
  • Klein N (2007). The Shock Doctrine, The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Koerner L M (2014). Becoming “Like Skin”:The Chilean Student Movement and the Making of Radical Student Subjectivity. (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Medford: Tufts University.
  • Kornbluh P (2004). The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. New York: New Press.
  • Kritzer B E (2008). Chile’s Next Generation Pension Form. Social Security Bulletin, 68 (2), 69-84.
  • Kubal M R (2003). The Politics of Education Decentralization in Latin America: Rhetoric and Reality in Chile, Mexico, Argentina, and Nicaragua. Paper presented at the meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Teksas.
  • La Tercera (01/06/2006). Bachelet Anuncia Profundo Plan de Educación en Medio de Movilizaciones. Son erişim tarihi, 03.04.2015.
  • La Tercera (19/10/2011). Ministro Hinzpeter invoca la Ley de Seguridad del Estado para quienes participaron en la quema del bus de Transantiago. Son erişim tarihi, 03.04.2015.
  • Larraín F (1991). The Economic Challenges of Democratic Development. İçinde: P W Drake ve I Jaksic (der), The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982-1990. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 279-304.
  • Leiva F I (2008). Latin American Neostructuralism: The Contradictions of Post-Neoliberal Development. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Letelier O (1976). The Chicago Boys in Chile: Economic Freedom’s Awfull Toll. The Nation, 28 Ağustos. Son erişim tarihi, 22.03.2015.
  • López R ve Miller S (2008). Chile: The Unbearable Burden of Inequality. World Development, 36 (12), 2679-95. Macdonald L ve Ruckert A (der.) (2009). Post-Neoliberalism in the Americas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Millett R L ve Holmes J S ve Pérez O J (2009). Latin American Democracy: Emerging Reality or Endangered Species? New York: Routledge.
  • Morley S A (2001). The Income Distribution Problem in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile: United Nations Publication.
  • OECD (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2014). Chile: Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators. http://www.oecd.org/edu/Chile-EAG2014-Country-Note.pdf. Son erişim tarihi, 18.04.2015.
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  • Panizza F (2009). Contemporary Latin America: Development and Democracy beyond the Washington Consensus. London: Zed Books.
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Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 179 - 216, 20.06.2015

Esra Akgemci

Öz

Neoliberal ekonomi politikalarının ilk kez denendiği Şili’de 2006 ve 2011’de gelişen öğrenci hareketi, Latin Amerika’daki direniş deneyimleri arasında ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Önce Pinochet diktatörlüğünün baskı ortamında dayatılan, ardından demokrasiye geçiş sürecinde merkez-sol koalisyon (Concertación) hükümetlerinin “uzlaşı siyasetiyle” yeniden düzenlenen neoliberal reformlar, derin ve sancılı bir toplumsal dönüşüm sürecini beraberinde getirmiştir. Latin Amerika ülkeleri 1982 borç krizinin ardından IMF ve Dünya Bankası aracılığıyla uygulanan neoliberal reçetelere uyum sağlamaya çalışırken, Şili’de çoktan derinleşme aşamasına giren neoliberal yeniden yapılanma süreci, bölgenin geri kalanına örnek bir model olarak sunulmuştur. 1990’lar boyunca Latin Amerika’yı dünyanın en eşitsiz bölgesi haline getiren neoliberal politikalar 2000’li yıllarla birlikte iflas ederken, Şili’nin erken deneyimi ve sonrasındaki süreç, Küresel Güney’de neoliberal modelin bir “başarı hikâyesi”ne dönüştüğü tek istisna olarak gösterilmiştir. Güney Amerika’nın en istikrarlı ve müreffeh ülkelerinden biri olan Şili, bölgenin diğer ülkelerine kıyasla daha yüksek rekabet gücüne, daha yüksek kişi başı gelir ve daha düşük yolsuzluk ve suç oranlarına sahiptir. Ne var ki 2006’da “Penguen Devrimi” ve 2011’de “Şili Kışı”na yol açan öğrenci hareketi, istikrarlı ve yüksek büyüme oranlarının ardındaki toplumsal eşitsizliği ve adaletsizliği gözler önüne sermiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, neoliberalizmin Şili deneyinin sonuçlarını öğrenci hareketi açısından tartışmak ve Şili öğrenci hareketini Latin Amerika’nın post-neoliberal dönüşüm süreci bağlamında incelemektir. Koyu renk pantolonları ve beyaz gömleklerinden dolayı “penguenler” olarak anılan lise öğrencilerinin, Pinochet döneminin miraslarından birine, neoliberal eğitim sistemine karşı mücadeleleri, 2011’de farklı toplumsal kesimlerin desteğiyle, neoliberal gündeme karşı büyük bir muhalefet hareketi olarak süreklilik kazanmıştır. Makale, öğrenci hareketinin gelişim sürecini inceleyerek, Şili Kışı’na yol açan nedenleri “neoliberalizmin baharında” arayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Şili Kışı Penguen Devrimi Şili öğrenci hareketi neoliberal eğitim modeli post-neoliberal dönüşüm süreci

Kaynakça

  • Achtenberg E (03/03/2015), Chilean Students Struggle to Deepen Educational Reforms.
  • https://nacla.org/blog/2015/03/03/chilean-students-struggle-deepen-educationalreforms. Son erişim tarihi, 19.04.2015.
  • Aedo C ve Sapelli C (2001). El Sistema de Vouchers en Educación: Una Revisión de la Teoría y Evidencia Empírica para Chile. Estudios Públicos, 82, 35-82.
  • Alarcón Ferrari C (2007). The student Movement in Chile During 2006 and Beyond: Reclaiming the Right to Education in a Worldwide Symbol of Free Market, Neoliberalism and Capitalist Hegemony. Proceedings of the 5th Critical Management Studies Conference, University of Manchester.
  • Angell A ve Carstairs S (1987). The Exile Question in Chilean Politics. Third World Quarterly, 9 (1), 148-67.
  • Arditi B (2008). Arguments about the Left Turns in Latin America: A Post-Liberal Politics?. Latin American Research Review, 43 (3), 59-81.
  • BBC (21/10/2011). Chile Students Disrupt Senate Meeting to Press Demands. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15397816. Son erişim tarihi, 15.05.2015.
  • BBC Mundo (18/10/2011). Camila Vallejo: “Entendemos la Lucha de los Indignados, pero en Chile Pasamos la Etapa del Descontento”. http://www.elmostrador.cl/pais/2011/10/18/camila-vallejo-entendemos-la-lucha-de-los-indignados-pero-enchile-pasamos-la-etapa-del-descontento/. Son erişim tarihi, 15.05.2015.
  • Beckett A (2002). Pinochet in Piccadilly: Britain and Chile’s Hidden History. London:Faber&Faber.
  • Bellei C ve Cabalin C (2013). Chilean Student Movements: Sustained Struggle to Transform a Market-oriented Educational System. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 15 (2), 108-123.
  • Bellei C ve Cabalin C ve Orellana V (2014). The 2011 Chilean Student Movement Against Neoliberal Educational Policies. Studies in Higher Education, 39 (3), 426-440.
  • Biekart K (2005). Seven Theses on Latin American Social Movements and Political Change: A Tribute to André Gunder Frank (1929-2005). Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, 79, 85-94.
  • Brunner J J (1993). Chile’s Higher Education: Between Market and State, Higher Education, 25, 35-43.
  • Burdick J ve Oxhorn P ve Roberts K M (der) (2009). Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and Politics at the Crossroads. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cabalin C (2012). Neoliberal Education and Student Movements in Chile: Inequalities and Malaise. Policy Futures in Education, 10 (2), 219-228.
  • Casteñeda J G (2006). Latin America’s Left Turn. Foreign Affairs, 85 (3), 28-43.
  • Chovanec D M ve Benitez A (2008). The Penguin Revolution in Chile: Exploring
  • Intergenerational Learning in Social Movements. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education, 3 (1), 39-57.
  • CNN Chile (09/06/2013), Mario Waissbluth: “Tenemos un apartheid educativo”. http://www.cnnchile.com/noticia/2013/06/09/mario-waissbluth-tenemos-un-apartheideducativo. Son erişim tarihi, 20.04.2015.
  • Coşkun M K (2006). Süreklilik ve Kopuş Teorileri Bağlamında Türkiye’de Eski ve Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler. SBF Dergisi, 61 (1), 67-102.
  • De Bruto A B (1998). Human Rights and Democratization in Latin America: Uruguay and Chile. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • De Ferranti (2004). Inequality in Latin America: Breaking with History?. Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Domedel A ve Peña y Lillo M (2008). El Mayo de los Pingüinos, Santiago: Ediciones Radio Universidad de Chile.
  • Ellner S (2004). Leftist Goals and the Debate over Anti-Neoliberal Strategy in Latin America, Science & Society, 68 (1), 10-32.
  • Ercan F (1999). 1980’lerde Eğitim Sisteminin Yeniden Yapılanması: Küreselleşme ve Neoliberal Eğitim Politikaları. İçinde: F Gök (der), Bilanço ’98 Yayın Dizisi: 75 yılda Eğitim, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 23-37.
  • Fazio H ve Parada M (2010). Veinte años de política económica de la concertación. Santiago de Chile: LOM Ediciones.
  • Ffrench-Davis R (2010). Economic Reforms in Chile: From Dictatorship to Democracy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ffrench-Davis R (2014). Chile Entre El Neoliberalismo y El Crecimiento con Equidad, Santiago: JC Saez Editor.
  • Frank A G (1976). Economic Genocide in Chile: Monetarist Theory Versus Humanity: Two Open Letters to Arnold Harberger and Milton Friedman. Santiago: Spokesman Books.
  • Frank V (2004) Politics without Policy: The Failure of Social Concertation in Democratic Chile: 1990-2000. İçinde: P Winn (der), Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973-2002. Durham: Duke University Press, 71-124.
  • Frenkel R ve Damill M ve Rapetti M (2013). Financial and Currency Crises in Latin America. İçinde: M H Wolfson ve G Epstein (der), The Handbook of the Political Economy of Financial Crises. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gauri V (1998). School Choice In Chile: Two Decades of Educational Reform. Pittsburg: Pittsburg University Press.
  • Goldberg P A (1975). The Politics of the Allende Overthrow in Chile. Political Science Quarterly, 90 (1), 93-116.
  • Grugel J ve Riggirozzi P (der.) (2009). Governance after Neoliberalism in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Grugel J ve Riggirozzi P (2012). Post-neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and Reclaiming the State after Crisis. Development and Change, 43 (1): 1-21.
  • Hardt M ve Negri A (2012). Duyuru. Çev. A Yılmaz, İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Harvey D (2007). Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610, 22-44.
  • Hitchens C (2001). The Trial of Henry Kissinger. New York: Verso.
  • Joiko S (2011). La Política de Equidad y El Nuevo Sistema de Vouchers en Chile: Reflexiones Críticas. RMIE, 16 (50), 829-852.
  • Karakuş Candan T (2014) Neoliberal Laboratuvar Şili: Türkiye ile Benzerlikler, Farklar, Kıyaslar. Ankara: Notabene.
  • Klein N (2007). The Shock Doctrine, The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Koerner L M (2014). Becoming “Like Skin”:The Chilean Student Movement and the Making of Radical Student Subjectivity. (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Medford: Tufts University.
  • Kornbluh P (2004). The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. New York: New Press.
  • Kritzer B E (2008). Chile’s Next Generation Pension Form. Social Security Bulletin, 68 (2), 69-84.
  • Kubal M R (2003). The Politics of Education Decentralization in Latin America: Rhetoric and Reality in Chile, Mexico, Argentina, and Nicaragua. Paper presented at the meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Teksas.
  • La Tercera (01/06/2006). Bachelet Anuncia Profundo Plan de Educación en Medio de Movilizaciones. Son erişim tarihi, 03.04.2015.
  • La Tercera (19/10/2011). Ministro Hinzpeter invoca la Ley de Seguridad del Estado para quienes participaron en la quema del bus de Transantiago. Son erişim tarihi, 03.04.2015.
  • Larraín F (1991). The Economic Challenges of Democratic Development. İçinde: P W Drake ve I Jaksic (der), The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982-1990. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 279-304.
  • Leiva F I (2008). Latin American Neostructuralism: The Contradictions of Post-Neoliberal Development. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Letelier O (1976). The Chicago Boys in Chile: Economic Freedom’s Awfull Toll. The Nation, 28 Ağustos. Son erişim tarihi, 22.03.2015.
  • López R ve Miller S (2008). Chile: The Unbearable Burden of Inequality. World Development, 36 (12), 2679-95. Macdonald L ve Ruckert A (der.) (2009). Post-Neoliberalism in the Americas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Millett R L ve Holmes J S ve Pérez O J (2009). Latin American Democracy: Emerging Reality or Endangered Species? New York: Routledge.
  • Morley S A (2001). The Income Distribution Problem in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile: United Nations Publication.
  • OECD (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2014). Chile: Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators. http://www.oecd.org/edu/Chile-EAG2014-Country-Note.pdf. Son erişim tarihi, 18.04.2015.
  • Oppenheim L H (2007). Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism, and Market Democracy. Colorado: Westview Press.
  • Panizza F (2009). Contemporary Latin America: Development and Democracy beyond the Washington Consensus. London: Zed Books.
  • Petras J, Leiva F I ve Veltmeyer H (1994). Democracy and Poverty in Chile The Limits to Electoral Politics. Boulder: Westview Press.
  • Raby D L (2007). Demokrasi ve Devrim: Günümüzde Latin Amerika ve Sosyalizm. Çev. E. Günçiner, İstanbul: Yordam.
  • Riesco M (2007). Pinochet Öldü mü? İçinde: A Topal (der), Latin Amerika’yı Anlamak: Neoliberalizm, Direniş ve Sol, İstanbul: Yordam, 148-167.
  • Roberts K (1998). Deepening Democracy?: The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
  • Siavelis P M (2009). Executive-Legislative Relations and Democracy in Latin America, İçinde: R L Millett ve J S Holmes ve O J Pérez (der), Latin American Democracy: Emerging Reality or Endangered Species?, New York: Routledge, 101-118.
  • Siavelis P M ve Sehnbruch K (2009). The Bachelet Administration: the Normalization of Politics. Center for Latin American Studies, UC Berkeley Working Paper, 28.
  • Sigmund P E (1980). The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile: 1964-1976. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Silva E (2009). Challenging Neoliberalism in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Silva P (2012). Şili: Akıntıya Karşı Yüzmek. İçinde: G Lievesley ve S Ludlam (der), Latin Amerika’da Sosyal Demokrasi Deneyimleri, Çev. F Çoban, Ankara: Phoenix, 301-24.
  • Sitrin M (2007) Ruptures in Imagination: Horizontalism, autogestion and affective politics in Argentina. Policy & Practice: A Development Education Review, 5, 43-53.
  • Skidmore T E ve Smith P H (2005). Modern Latin America. New York&Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Somma N M (2012). The Chilean Student Movement of 2011-2012: Challenging the Marketization of Education. Interface, 4(2), 296-309.
  • Sotomayor A G (2011). Los Rostros de la Protesta: Actores Sociales y Políticos de Las Jornadas de Protesta contra la Dictadura Militar (1983-1986). (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Santiago: Santiago de Chile Üniversitesi.
  • Sotomayor A G (2012). Memorias de la Protesta Social en el Chile de la Dictadura Militar
  • (1983-1986). Nuestra historia: revista de estudiantes de historia de la Universidad de Chile, 5 (5), 23-56.
  • Stahler-Sholk R ve Vanden H E ve Becker M (2014). Rethinking Latin American Social Movements: Radical Action from Below. Lanham: Rowman& Littlefield.
  • Stiglitz J E (2002). Globalization and its Discontents. New York&London: W.W. Norton&Company.
  • Taylor M (2006). From Pinochet to the ’Third Way’, Neoliberalism and Social Transformation in Chile. London: Pluto Press.
  • Telesur (4/11/2014). Chile to Have Free Higher Education by 2016. http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Chile-to-Have-Free-Higher-Education-by-2016-20141204-0049. html, Son erişim tarihi, 03.05.2015.
  • Valdés J G (1995). Pinochet’s Economists: The Chicago School in Chile. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Valenzuela A (1999). Chile: Origins and Consolidation of a Latin American Democracy. İçinde: L Diamond, J Hartlyn, J J Linz ve S M Lipset (der), Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Vegas E (2002). School Choice, Student Performance, and Teacher and School Characteristics: The Chilean Case.” The World Bank Development Research Group Working Papers.
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  • Wiley B T (2013). The 2006 Penguin Revolution and the 2011 Chilean Winter Chilean students’ fight for education reform. (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Santa Barbara: University of California.
  • Winn P (2004) The Pinochet Era. İçinde: P Winn (der), Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973-2002. Dunham: Duke University Press, 14-70.
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makale / Articles
Yazarlar

Esra Akgemci

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Haziran 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akgemci, E. (2015). Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri. Mülkiye Dergisi, 39(2), 179-216.
AMA Akgemci E. Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri. Mülkiye Dergisi. Haziran 2015;39(2):179-216.
Chicago Akgemci, Esra. “Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri”. Mülkiye Dergisi 39, sy. 2 (Haziran 2015): 179-216.
EndNote Akgemci E (01 Haziran 2015) Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri. Mülkiye Dergisi 39 2 179–216.
IEEE E. Akgemci, “Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri”, Mülkiye Dergisi, c. 39, sy. 2, ss. 179–216, 2015.
ISNAD Akgemci, Esra. “Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri”. Mülkiye Dergisi 39/2 (Haziran 2015), 179-216.
JAMA Akgemci E. Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2015;39:179–216.
MLA Akgemci, Esra. “Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri”. Mülkiye Dergisi, c. 39, sy. 2, 2015, ss. 179-16.
Vancouver Akgemci E. Neoliberalizmin Laboratuvarında Direniş: Şili Kışı’nın Penguenleri. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2015;39(2):179-216.
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