Quality Control and HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Compounds of Elderberry Flowers Sold in the Market according to European Pharmacopoeia Criteria

Öz

Aim: Sambucus nigra flowers, which are on the positive plant list of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, are available on the market as tea. This plant, which is allowed to be sold as food, is generally consumed for its health benefits. In the study, nine samples purchased from herbalists and the internet and one sample produced by organic farming were examined according to the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0, and it was aimed at determining the market situation in terms of this plant. Method: The samples were subjected to morphological and microscopic analysis, foreign matter content, loss on drying and total ash content determinations, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. In addition, quantification of phenolic acids (chlorogenic and caffeic acid) and flavonoids (rutin and hyperoside) was performed by The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Results: In microscopic analysis, not all tissue elements were observed in all samples, while the presence of elements belonging to different plants and/or organs was detected. Samples were found to comply with pharmacopoeia in terms of total ash content and loss on drying. While chlorogenic acid was detected in all samples by TLC and HPLC, the presence of rutin, hyperoside, and caffeic acid was not detected in all samples. Conclusion: The findings showed that all ten samples were not of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 quality. It was concluded that these teas, which can be used for medicinal purposes, are not available on the market with certain standards, and this situation should be evaluated in terms of public health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Black elderberry
• Sambucus nigra
• European Pharmacopoeia
• HPLC

Piyasada Satılan Mürver Çiçeklerinin Avrupa Farmakopesi Kriterlerine göre Kalite Kontrolleri ve Fenolik Bileşiklerinin YPSK Analizi

Öz

Amaç: Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı pozitif bitki listesinde yer alan Sambucus nigra çiçekleri çay olarak piyasada bulunmaktadır. Gıda olarak satışına izin verilen bu bitki genellikle sağlık faydası sebebi ile tüketilmektedir. Çalışmada, aktar ve internetten satın alınmış olan dokuz adet örnek ile organik tarımla üretilmiş bir adet örnek Avrupa Farmakopesi 10.0’a göre incelenerek bu bitki yönünden piyasa durum tespiti yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Numunelerde morfolojik, mikroskobik analiz, yabancı madde miktarı, kurutmada kayıp ve total kül miktar tayinleri ve ince tabaka kromatografisi (İTK) analizleri yapılmıştır. Ek olarak fenolik asitlerin (klorojenik ve kafeik asit) ve flavonoitlerin (rutin ve hiperozit) miktar tayinleri YPSK tekniği ile yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Mikroskobik analizde, tüm doku elementleri her numunede görülmemiş diğer yandan farklı bitki ve/veya organlara ait elementlerin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Numuneler total kül miktar tayini ve kurutmada kayıp yönünden farmakopeye uygun bulunmuştur. İTK ve YPSK ile tüm numunelerde klorojenik asit tespit edilirken rutin, hiperozit ve kafeik asit varlığına tüm numunelerde rastlanmamıştır. Sonuç: Bulgular on numunenin de Avrupa Farmakopesi 10.0 kalitesinde olmadığını göstermiştir. Tıbbi amaçlarla kullanılabilecek olan bu çayların belirli standartlarda piyasada bulunmadığı bu durumun halk sağlığı açısından değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kara mürver
• Sambucus nigra
• Avrupa Farmakopesi
• YPSK

Kaynakça

1. 1. Viapiana A, Wesolowski M. The Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Infusions of Sambucus nigra L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2017;72(1):82–87.
2. 2. Demir S, Karaalp C. [FFD Monografları Tedavide Kullanılan Bitkiler: Sambucus nigra] Ankara: MN Medikal& Nobel Tıp Kitap Sarayı; 2011. p. 619- 625.
3. 3. Rodrigues S, De Brito ES, De Oliveira Silva E. Elderberry-Sambucus nigra L. In Exotic Fruits. Academic Press 2018;181-185.
4. 4. Akbulut M, Ercisli S, Tosun M. Physico-chemical characteristics of some wild-grown European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) genotypes. Pharmacogn Mag 2009;5(20):320-323.
5. 5. Kislichenko VS, Vel’ma, VV. Amino-acid composition of flowers, leaves, and extract of Sambucus nigra flowers. Chem Nat Compd 2006;42:125-126.
6. 6. Anton, AM et al. Preliminary studies on the chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of polyphenols from Sambucus sp. Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostructures 2013;8(3)
7. 7. Sidor, A, Gramza-Michałowska A. Advanced research on the antioxidant and health benefit of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) in food–a review. J Funct Foods 2015;18:941-958.
8. 8. Council of Europe (EDQM). Elder Flower, Sambuci fructus. European Pharmacopoeia 10.0. 2019:1453-1455.

9. 9. Gök HN ve ark. Standardization of Juniperus macrocarpa Sibt. & Sm. and Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. Extracts with Carbohydrate Digestive Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities. Iran J Pharm Res 2021;20(3):441–455.
10. 10. Liu Z et al. Enhanced Biosynthesis of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Derivatives in Methyl-Jasmonate-Treated Gardenia jasminoides Cells: A Study on Metabolic and Transcriptional Responses of Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021;8:604957.
11. 11. Dawidowicz AL, Wianowska D, Baraniak B. The antioxidant properties of alcoholic extracts from Sambucus nigra L. (antioxidant properties of extracts). LWT - Food Sci Technol 2006;39(3):308-315.
12. 12. Młynarczyk K, Walkowiak-Tomczak D, Łysiak GP. Bioactive properties of Sambucus nigra L. as a functional ingredient for food and pharmaceutical industry. J Funct Foods 2018;4:377-390.
13. 13. Mota AH et al. Synchronous insight of in vitro and in vivo biological activities of Sambucus nigra L. extracts for industrial uses. Ind Crops Prod 2020;154;112709.
14. 14. Hearst C et al. Antibacterial activity of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) flower or berry against hospital pathogens. J Med Plant Res 2010;4(17):1805-1809.
15. 15. Gray AM, Abdel-Wahab YH, Flatt PR. The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J Nutr 2000;130(1):15-20.