The Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Marrubium cuneatum Banks & Sol. Extracts & Fractions

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential of the Marrubium cuneatum aqueous and extracts, in addition to the fractions acquired from the liquid-liquid fractionation, respectively. Method: The plant extracts were obtained using maceration, which were separated into their fractions based on polarity using the liquid-liquid fractionation method. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the microdilution method. The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH•, ABTS+, and CUPRAC assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and fractions were evaluated by examining their effects on lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme inhibition. Results: In the antioxidant assays, the n-butanol fraction of the methanolic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of the aqueous extract showed activity in all tests, followed by the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract, respectively. In the antimicrobial assays, no remarkable inhibitions were observed compared to the reference compounds. It was noticed that the extracts and fractions showed no effect on the inhibition of the lipoxygenase enzyme. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed relatively strong antioxidant effects, however, no significant antimicrobial activity was observed. In terms of anti-inflammatory activity, it was determined that the plant did not exhibit any anti-inflammatory effect through the lipoxygenase enzyme suggesting further detailed research on other fractions or purified compounds of the plant material.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Marrubium
• Antioxidant
• Antimicrobial
• Lipoxygenase
• Ethnopharmacology

Marrubium cuneatum Banks & Sol. Özüt ve Fraksiyonlarının Antimikrobiyal, Antioksidan ve Antienflamatuvar Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Marrubium cuneatum bitkisinin sulu ve metanol özütleri ile bu özütlerin sıvı-sıvı fraksiyonlanması sonucu elde edilen fraksiyonlarının antimikrobiyal, antioksidan ve antienflamatuvar etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Bitki özütleri maserasyon yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen özütler, sıvı-sıvı fraksiyonlama tekniği kullanılarak polaritelerine göre ayrılmıştır. Özüt ve fraksiyonların antimikrobiyal etkisi mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. DPPH•, ABTS+ ve CUPRAC yöntemleri ile antioksidan etki, lipoksijenaz enzimi inhibisyonu yöntemi ile ise antienflamatuvar etki değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Antioksidan etki deneylerinde metanol özütünün n-bütanol fraksiyonu ile sulu özütün etil asetat fraksiyonu çalışılan tüm yöntemlerde etkileri ile öne çıkmıştır. Bu iki fraksiyonu metanol özütünün etil asetat fraksiyonu takip etmiştir. Antimikrobiyal etki deneylerinde, kullanılan referans bileşiklere kıyasla dikkate değer bir etki elde edilemediği gözlenmiştir. Çalışılan örneklerin lipoksijenaz enziminin inhibisyonu üzerinde herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: Bitkinin etil asetat ve n-bütanol fraksiyonlarının güçlü antioksidan etkisi tespit edilmiştir ancak dikkate değer bir antimikrobiyal aktivitesi olmadığı görülmüştür Antienflamatuvar aktivitede ise lipoksijenaz enzimi üzerinden bitkinin antienflamatuvar bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak bitkinin farklı ekstre ve maddeleriyle araştırmalar yapılması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Marrubium
• Antioksidan
• Antimikrobiyal
• Lipoksijenaz
• Etnofarmakoloji

Kaynakça

1. 1. Kharazian N, Hashemi M. Chemotaxonomy and morphological studies in five Marrubium L. Species in Iran. Iran J Sci Technol Trans A Sci 2017;41:17–31.
2. 2. Celep F, Dirmenci T. Systematic and Biogeographic overview of Lamiaceae in Turkey. Volatiles Essent Oils 2017;4(4):14–27.
3. 3. Erarslan ZB, Çolak R, Kültür Ş. The preliminary ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Develi (Kayseri/Turkey). İstanbul J Pharm 2021;51:263–70.
4. 4. Bulut G, at al. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Acipayam (Denizli-Turkey). J Herb Med 2017;10:64–81.
5. 5. Meyre-Silva C, Cechinel-Filho V. A Review of the Chemical and Pharmacological Aspects of the Genus Marrubium. Curr Pharm Des 2010;16:3503–18.
6. 6. Henderson MS, McCrindle R. Premarrubiin. A Diterpenoid from Marrubium vulgare L. J Chem Soc C Org 1969;15:2014–5.
7. 7. Sahpaz S, et al. Isolation and pharmacological activity of phenylpropanoid esters from Marrubium vulgare. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;79:389-92.
8. 8. Lorenzi H, Matos FJA. Plantas Medicinais Do Brasil: Nativas e Exóticas. Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum, Sao Paulo, 2008.

9. 9. VanderJagt TJ, et al. Comparison of the total antioxidant content of 30 widely used medicinal plants of New Mexico. Life Sci 2002;70:1035–40.
10. 10. Masoodi MH, et al. Antibacterial activity of whole plant extract of Marrubium vulgare. African J Biotechnol 2008;7:86–7.
11. 11. Grassia A, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from aerial parts of two Marrubium sp. (Lamiaceae) growing wild in Lebanon. Pol J Chem 2006;80:623–28.
12. 12. Baher Nik Z, Mirza M, Shahmir F. Essential oil of Marrubium cuneatum Russell and its secretory elements. Flavour Fragr J 2004;19:233–35.
13. 13. İçen MS, et al. Chemical profile of the volatile compounds from Marrubium cuneatum Banks & Sol. Nat Volatiles Essent Oils 2021;8:1–6.
14. 14. Tetik F, Civelek S, Cakilcioglu U. Traditional uses of some medicinal plants in Malatya (Turkey). J Ethnopharmacol 2013;146:331–46.
15. 15. Kılıç M, Yıldız K, Kılıç FM. Traditional uses of wild plants in Mardin central district and attached villages (Turkey). Indian J Tradit Knowl 2021;20:784–98.
16. 16. El Beyrouthy M, Dhifi W, Arnold-Apostolides N. Ethnopharmacological survey of the indigenous Lamiaceae from Lebanon. Acta Hortic 2013;997:257–76.
17. 17. Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci Technol 1995;28:25–30.
18. 18. Re R, et al. Antioxidant activity applying an improved abts radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;26:1231–37.
19. 19. Apak R, et al. Methods of measurement and evaluation of natural antioxidant capacity/activity. Pure Appl Chem 2013;85:957–98.
20. 20. Baylac S, Racine P. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by essential oils and other natural fragrant extracts. Int J Aromather 2003;13:138–42.
21. 21. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi, Approved Standard-Second Edition Method. M38-A2. CLSI 2002;22:1-27.
22. 22. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Seventh Edition. M7-A7. CLSI 2006;26(2).
23. 23. Demirci B, et al. Anticandidal pimaradiene diterpene from Phlomis essential oils. Comptes Rendus Chim 2009;12:612–21.
24. 24. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Seventeenth Informational Supplement. M100-S17. CLSI 2007;27(1).
25. 25. Demirci F, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial evaluation of Thymus sipyleus Boiss. subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus essential oil against rhinosinusitis pathogens. Microb Pathog 2018;122:117–21.
26. 26. Kırmızıbekmez H, et al. Characterization of Sideritis trojana Bornm. essential oil and its antimicrobial activity. Marmara Pharm J 2017;21(4):860-65.
27. 27. Etame RME, et al. Effect of fractioning on antibacterial activity of n-butanol fraction from Enantia chlorantha stem bark methanol extract. BMC Complement Altern Med 2019;19:1–7.
28. 28. Rigano D, et al. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the acetonic extract of Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum. Planta Med 2006;72:575–78.