Et-Tasrîf’te Diş Hekimliği ve Oral–Maksillofasiyal Cerrahi Uygulamaları

Öz

Bu derlemenin amacı, Ebu’l-Kasım el-Zehrâvî’nin Et-Tasrîf adlı eserinde yer alan diş hekimliği ve oral–maksillofasiyal cerrahi uygulamalarını tematik bir yaklaşımla incelemek ve bu uygulamaları tarihsel çerçevesi içinde değerlendirmektir. Mevcut çalışmada, el-Zehrâvî’nin cerrahi uygulamalara ilişkin kayıtları metin temelli içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiş ve modern klinik temalar doğrultusunda sınıflandırılmıştır. İncelenen kayıtlar, el-Zehrâvî’nin cerrahi uygulamaları yalnızca teknik düzeyde tanımlamakla kalmadığını göstermektedir. Bu uygulamaların endikasyon belirleme, fonksiyonun korunması, komplikasyonların öngörülmesi ve tedavinin bireyselleştirilmesi gibi temel klinik ilkeleri dikkate alan sistematik bir yaklaşım çerçevesinde ele alındığı anlaşılmaktadır. Diş çekiminin son çare olarak ele alınması, ayırıcı tanıya verilen önem ve travmatik olgularda redüksiyon ile immobilizasyonun hedeflenmesi gibi yaklaşımların, güncel diş hekimliği ve maksillofasiyal cerrahi pratiğiyle kavramsal düzeyde benzerlikler taşıdığı görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak Et-Tasrîf, teknik açıdan dönemin sınırlılıklarını yansıtmakla birlikte, diş hekimliği ve oral–maksillofasiyal cerrahi alanlarında klinik düşünce ve karar verme süreçlerinin erken ve sistematik bir örneğini sunmaktadır. Bu yönüyle eser, yalnızca tarihsel bir kaynak olmanın ötesinde, klinik uygulamalarda rasyonel yaklaşımın ve hasta odaklı tedavi anlayışının erken dönem yansımalarını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca tarihsel sürekliliğin ve temel klinik ilkelerin gelişiminin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamakta; modern klinik uygulamaların kavramsal temellerinin değerlendirilmesine olanak sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ebu'l-Kasım el-Zehrâvî
• Et Tasrîf
• Diş hekimliği tarihi
• Oral ve maksillofasiyal cerrahi
• Tarihsel derleme

Dental and Oral–Maxillofacial Surgical Practices in al-Tasrīf

Öz

The aim of this review is to examine the dental and oral–maxillofacial surgical practices described in al-Tasrīf by Abū al-Qāsim al-Zahrāwī using a thematic approach and to evaluate these practices within their historical context. In the present study, the records related to al-Zahrāwī’s surgical practices were analyzed using a text-based content analysis method and classified according to modern clinical themes. The examined records indicate that al-Zahrāwī’s surgical practice was not limited to the technical description of procedures. These practices were addressed within a systematic framework that considered fundamental clinical principles such as indication selection, preservation of function, anticipation of complications, and individualization of treatment. Approaches such as considering tooth extraction as a last resort, emphasizing the importance of differential diagnosis, and aiming for reduction and immobilization in traumatic cases show conceptual similarities with contemporary dental and oral–maxillofacial surgical practice. In conclusion, although al-Tasrīf reflects the technical limitations of its period, it presents an early and systematic example of clinical thinking and decision-making processes in the fields of dentistry and oral–maxillofacial surgery. In this respect, the work goes beyond being merely a historical source and reveals early reflections of rational clinical approaches and patient-centered treatment concepts. It also contributes to understanding the historical continuity and development of fundamental clinical principles and provides a conceptual framework for evaluating modern clinical practices.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
• al-Tasrif
• History of dentistry
• Oral and maxillofasial surgery
• Historical review

Kaynakça

1. 1. Amr SS, Tbakhi A. Abu Al Qasim Al Zahrawi (Albucasis): pioneer of modern surgery. Ann Saudi Med. 2007;27(3):220-221. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2007.220
2. 2. Zarrintan S, Tubbs RS, Najjarian F, et al. Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi (936–1013 CE), icon of medieval surgery. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020;69:437-440. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2020.07.012
3. 3. Ali FM, Al-Iryani G, Faridi M, et al. Revisiting oral and maxillofacial surgical views as practiced by Al Zahrawi: a review. Int Arab J Dent. 2017;8(3):94-98. doi:10.70174/iajd.v8i3.149
4. 4. Carrasco J, Liñán M. The stomatological use of stones cited in the Kitab al-tasrif treatise (Abulcasis, 1000 CE). Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ. 2013;375(1):65-80. doi:10.1144/SP375.7
5. 5. Reguera TA. The surgery of Abulcasis (936–1013): contributions of the Kitab al-Tasrif treatise to modern surgery. J Res Hist Med. 2023;12(1):63-68.
6. 6. Abdoli M, Mahlooji K. Potential source of Al-Zahrawi’s knowledge of surgical instruments in the book of Al-Tasrif (10th A.D.). Acta Chir Belg. 2025;125(2):113-119. doi:10.1080/00015458.2024.2437271
7. 7. Baker D, Abdallah Y. The revolutionary role of Abulcasis in the history of surgery. Int J Hum Health Sci. 2019;4(1):8-14. doi:10.31344/ijhhs.v4i1.113
8. 8. Aloul AA. Al-Zahrawi surgical instruments and techniques: a milestone in the history of surgery. Med Pharm Rep. 2026. doi:10.15386/mpr-2963

9. 9. Al-Benna S. Albucasis, a tenth-century scholar, physician and surgeon: his role in the history of plastic and reconstructive surgery. Eur J Plast Surg. 2012;35(5):379-387. doi:10.1007/s00238-011-0637-3
10. 10. Pekesen M. Abu Al Qasim Al Zahrawi (Albucasis): the father of modern surgery. Health Sci Q. 2021;1(2):83-86.
11. 11. Chavoushi SH, Ghabili K, Kazemi A, et al. Surgery for gynecomastia in the Islamic Golden Age: Al-Tasrif of Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 AD). ISRN Surg. 2012;2012:934965. doi:10.5402/2012/934965
12. 12. Zuhdi K, Khan A, El-Kolalli S, et al. Spotlight on El-Zahrawi, father of modern surgery: reflections on his impact on contemporary medicine and the need for greater medical education on pivotal figures in medicine. Teach Learn Med. 2024;36(2):230-234. doi:10.1080/10401334.2023.2166941
13. 13. Khosravi A, Van Hee R, Changizi-Ashtiyani S, et al. Abu Al Qasim Al Zahrawi (Albucasis) and types of his used surgical knives. Acta Chir Belg. 2021;121(4):286-294. doi:10.1080/00015458.2021.1884404
14. 14. Markatos K, Mavrogenis A, Brilakis E, et al. Abulcasis (936–1013): his work and contribution to orthopaedics. Int Orthop. 2019;43(9):2199-2203. doi:10.1007/s00264-019-04371-5
15. 15. The Cyrurgia of Albucasis and other works, 1500. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2011;41(1):85-89. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2011.117
16. 16. Spink MS, Lewis GL, editors. Albucasis on surgery and instruments: a definitive edition of the Arabic text with English translation and commentary. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1973.
17. 17. López-Valverde DA, et al. Dental practice in al-Andalus (Spain) in the 10th and 11th centuries CE: Abulcasis al-Zahrawi. Int J Humanit Soc Sci Educ. 2015;2(3):64-70.
18. 18. Abdulrazeq HF, Ali R, Najib H, et al. Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 AD): on the surgical treatment of neurological disorders by the father of operative surgery. World Neurosurg. 2024;184:236-240.e1. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.169
19. 19. Jingarwar MM, Bajwa NK, Pathak A. Minimal intervention dentistry: a new frontier in clinical dentistry. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(7):ZE04-ZE08. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/9128.4583
20. 20. Sousa Melo SL, Lanzel E, Pagedar NA, et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma mimicking a mucocele (ranula) in the floor of the mouth. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018;47(4):20170331. doi:10.1259/dmfr.20170331
21. 21. Scherl C. Rare diseases of the salivary glands and of facial nerve. Laryngorhinootologie. 2021;100(Suppl 1):S1-S28. doi:10.1055/a-1337-6994
22. 22. Panesar K, Susarla SM. Mandibular fractures: diagnosis and management. Semin Plast Surg. 2021;35(4):238-249. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1735818
23. 23. Kanala S, Gudipalli S, Perumalla P, et al. Aetiology, prevalence, fracture site and management of maxillofacial trauma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2021;103(1):18-22. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2020.0171
24. 24. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson B, Sarver DM. Contemporary orthodontics. 6th ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier; 2018.
25. 25. Wang X, Xue J, Wang X, et al. Biomechanical effects of orthodontic tooth movement on edentulous alveolar bone: a finite element analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025;13:1625027. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1625027