19: Lessons from 20th Century to the 21st from the history of medicine point of view

Öz

Abstract Global influenza pandemics are known for centuries. Starting from the 16th century, there are records of three pandemics per each century. The pandemics of the 20th century which are accurately recorded in detail are; “Spanish flu” where the factor was H1N1A, “Asian flu” which was caused by H3N2A and “Hong Kong flu” which originated from H3N2A. The heaviest panorama among these was observed in the “Spanish flu” of 1918 were more than 40 million people were dead. The goals of this article are to investigate a detail literature and to achieve some results to the 21st century’s epidemics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Spanish flu, influenza pandemics, history of infectious diseases

Kaynakça

1. Collier R. The Plague of the Spanish Lady: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919. London, New York: Mac Millan, 1974; pp 11,139,157,175,200.
2. Johnson NP, Mueller J. Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” Influenza Pandemic. Bull Hist Med 2002; 76:105-115.
3. Davies P. Catching cold: 1918’s forgotten tragedy and scientific hunt for virus. London: Michael Joseph, 1999; pp 47- 48,56-58,63,205,213,219-220
4. Arda B, Acıduman A. Last tango of the “Sick Man of Europe” with Spanish lady. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası (accepted article 2012).
5. Greer W, Virus Hunters. London: Hutchinson, 1960; pp 155-159.
6. Crosby AW. America’s forgotten pandemic: The Influenza 1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989; pp 311-323.
7. Kolata G. Flu: The story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It. USA: MacMillan, 1999; pp ix, x, 3, 281, 299, 300.
8. Crosby AW. Epidemic and Peace, 1918. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1976, (then published as America’s forgotten pandemic: The influenza 1918, Cambridge University Press, 1989); pp 5-14.

9. Iezzoni L. Influenza 1918: the worst epidemic in American history. New York: TV Books, 1999; p 15.
10. Kohn GC. Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence from Ancient Times to the Present, revised edition. New York: Checkmark Books (First 1995), 2001; p 319-320.
11. Macpherson WG, Mitchell TJ. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: Medical Services, General History. London: His Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1924; Vol. IV, pp 374,394,555-556.
12. Johnson N. Britain and the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue. London, New York: Routledge, Oxon, 2006; p 203.
13. Barry JM. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Viking, 2004; p 306.
14. Chandavarkar R. Plague panic and epidemic politics in India, 1896-1914. In: Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence, eds. Terence Ranger and Paul Slack. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992; pp 203-240.
15. Ranger T. Plagues of Beasts and Men: Prophetic Responses to Epidemic in Eastern and Southern Africa. In: Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence, ed. Terence Ranger and Paul Slack. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992; pp 241-268.
16. Rice GW. Black November: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand, revised edition. Wellington: University of Canterbury, New Zealand (1988), Revised ed. 2005.
17. Blakely DE. Mass Mediated Disease: A Case Study Analysis of News Reporting of Three Influenza Pandemics and Public Health Policy. The University of Southern Mississippi, 2001.
18. Graves C. Invasion by Virus: Can It Happen Again? London: Icon Books, 1969.
19. Beveridge WIB. Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery London: Heinemann, 1977.
20. James R. This Time of Dying. London: Portobello Books, 2006; prologue.
21. Stacey M. All You’ll Ever Need to Know about the Common Cold. London: Robson Books, 1993.
22. History of the Great War: Medical services, hygiene of the war, ed. W.G. Macpherson, W.H. Horrocks, W.W.O. Beveridge. London, 1923; Vol. II, pp 133-156.
23. Cliff A, Haggett P, Smallman-Raynor M. Deciphering Global Epidemics: Analytical Approaches to the Disease Records of World Cities, 1888-1912. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998; pp 1-3,414-415.
24. Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. London: Harpers Collins Publishers, 1997; pp 13-14.
25. Jones DS. Rationalizing Epidemics: Meanings and Uses of American Indian Mortality since 1600. USA: Harvard University Press, 2004; pp 222-223.
26. de Paolo C. Epidemic Disease and Human Understanding: A historical analysis of scientific and other writings. Jefferson: Mc Farland and Company Inc. Publishers, 2006; pp 5-6.
27. ten Have HAMJ. Knowledge and practice in European Medicine: The Case of Infectious Diseases. In: Philosophy and Medicine: The Growth of Medical Knowledge, ed. Henk A.M.J. ten Have, Gerrit K Kimsma, Stuart F Spicker. Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990; pp 15-40.
28. Tyrell D, Fielder M. Cold War: The Fight Against the Common Cold. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
29. Smith G. Plague on Us. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1941; p 250.
30. World Health Organization. Estimating the Impact of the next Influenza Pandemic: Enhancing Preparedness, Geneva, 8 December 2004, (2 April 2008).
31. Philips H, Killingray D. Introduction. In: The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-19, New Perspectives. Studies in the Social History of Medicine, ed. Howard Philips and David Killingray. London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2003; pp 5-12.
32. Belshe RB. The origins of pandemic influenza- lessons from the 1918 virus. N Engl J Med 2005; 353 (21): 2209- 2211.
33. Moynihan R. Was the swine flu a fake pandemic? 11 June 2010, (7 July 2010).
34. Levy J. Did the WHO exaggerate the H1N1 flu threat? 10 June 2010, (7 July 2010).