İnsan gücünden motorlu taşıtlara; hasta taşımacılığının gelişimi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 99 - 107, 31.01.2020

Sukran Sevimli , Gülten Dinç

https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.647248

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, hastaların
antik çağlardan günümüze geçişini evrimsel bir bakış açısıyla incelemek ve
gelişimini etkileyen faktörleri ortaya koymaktır.

Yöntem: Bu çalışma, tarihsel
yaşlardan günümüze hasta ulaşımını araştırmak için kapsamlı bir derleme olarak
gerçekleştirildi ve 2016-2019 arasında yapıldı. Bu amaçla, eski zamanlardan
günümüze kadar hasta ulaşımına ilişkin tarihsel metinlerden, makalelerden ve
kitaplardan web sitelerine kanıt parçaları topladık ve inceleme bulguları
kronolojik olarak değerlendirildi.

Bulgular: Çalışmada antik çağdan
yalnızca bir veriye ulaşılabildi, bu ilk veri Makedonya kralı savaş
direktiflerinde yer almaktaydı, ikincisi deve, at gibi hayvanlar kullanıyordu,
üçüncüsü litre, araba ve vagonlardı ve bundan sonra teknoloji hasta arabalar,
trenler, tekneler ve nihayet nakliye için kullanılmış kara ve hava ambulansları
geliştirilmiştir.

Sonuç: Bu gelişmeler tıptaki
ilerlemelere paralel olarak gerçekleşmiştir ve bu yöntemlerin incelenmesi tıp
tarihinin bir başka yönünü de ortaya koymaktadır. Örneğin, hasta taşıma
yöntemleri, toplumların hasta ve/veya yaralılara verdiği değer, hasta refahının
nasıl sağlandığı ve tıbbi müdahalenin nerede ve hangi koşullar altında
gerçekleştiği hakkında bilgi sağlamaktadır. Ek olarak, bu çalışma aynı zamanda
hangi yöntemlerin hangi coğrafyalarda kullanıldığını, hangi şartlar altında
tercih edildiğini açıklamakta ve savaş zamanlarında veya hastanın ilerleyişinde
ortaya çıkan büyük salgınlarda tıp biliminin seviyesine ilişkin detayları
sunmaktadır. Ambulansın tarihi, insanın tarihini keşfetmemize ve ayrıca
hastalara yardımcı olacak yeni fikirleri geliştirmemize yardımcı olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

hasta taşıma, ambulans, sedye, tıp tarihi

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

From manpower to motor vehicles; development of patient transport

Öz

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the
transportation of patients from antiquity to the present day from an
evolutionary perspective and to reveal the factors affecting its development.

Method: This study was conducted as a scoping review to
explore patient transportation from historical ages to the present time and was
undertaken from 2016-2019. For this purpose, we collected pieces of evidence
from historical texts, articles, and books to websites from ancient times up to
the present on patient transportation and the review findings were assessed
chronologically.

Results: There was only one finding from ancient times,
this first datas was included in the war directives of the king of Macedonia,
the second was using animals such as camels, horses, third was litters, cars
and wagons, and after that technology was used to transport sick cars, trains,
boats and finally ground and air ambulances have been developed.

Conclusion: These developments has occurred parallel
to advances in medicine, and examination of these methods reveals another facet
of the history of medicine.  For example,
modes of patient transport provide information regarding the value that
societies place on the sick and/or injured, how patient welfare is ensured, and
where and under what conditions medical intervention takes place.  In addition, this study also explains which
of these methods are used in what geographies, which are preferred under what
kinds of conditions, and presents details concerning the level of medical
science during times of war or major outbreaks in which advances in patient
transport were made. The history of ambulance helps us to explore human history
and also to improve new ideas to help patients.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Patient transport, ambulance, stretcher, medical history

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

• 1. Ravorro CN. La hamaca: historia, etnografia y usos medicos de un mueble amencana [The hammock: history, ethnography and medical uses of an item of American furniture].1997. 287-94 p.
• 2. Uçar M, Deniz S. The History of Turkish Military Health Services (TAF). Preventive Medicine Bulletin 2012;11:1.
• 3. Bell RC. The ambulance. A History: Jefferson: McFarland & Company Ltd.; 2009.
• 4. Scarborough J. Roman Medicine: Cornell University Press; 1976.
• 5. Lam DM. Medical Evacuation, History and Development - The Future in the Multinational Environment. Ukraine: Presented at the NATO Research and Technology Organization in Kiev; 2000.
• 6. Merksamer G. Professional Cars: Ambulances, Hearses and Flower Cars: Krause Publication; 2004.
• 7. Beebe R, Myers J. Professional Paramedic, Volume I: Foundations of Paramedic Care: Cengage Learning press.; 2009.
• 8. Tarihi ZCMİ. Medeniyeti İslamiye Tarihi [History of Islamic Civilization]. İstanbul: İkdam Matbaası; 1913. 375 p.
• 9. Kemaloğlu M. XI.-XIII. Yüzyıl Türkiye Selçuklu Devletinde Darüşşifalar [The cottage houses in the Seljuk Empire between XI.-XIII. Centuries]. Hikmet Yurdu Düşünce-Yorum Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi 2014;7(13):289-301.
• 10. Pollock A. Historical Perspectives in the Ambulance Service: Springer, Cham; 2015.
• 11. Ataç A. Osmanlı Devletinde Askeri Sağlık Hizmetleri. Osmanlı Devletinde Sağlık Hizmetleri Sempozyumu Kitabı [Military Health Services in the Ottoman State. Health Services in Ottoman State Symposium Book]. Ankara: Ajans-Türk Matbaası; 2000.
• 12. McKenny EM. History of the Motorized Ambulance Transport 1967 [Available from: https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b18718978
• 13. Larrey DJ. Memoirs of military surgery: and campaigns of the French armies: Baltimore Joseph Cushing University Press of Sergeant Hall.; 1814.
• 14. Skandalakis PN, et al. To afford the wounded speedy assistance: Dominique Jean Larrey and Napoleon. World journal of surgery 2006;30(8):1392-9.
• 15. Yıldırım N. Develerle Hasta ve Yaralı Taşıma, Osmanlı Ordusunda kakule Sıhhiye Bölükleri [Patient and Wounded Carriage with Camels, Cardamom Sıhhiye Troops in Ottoman Army]. Toplumsal Tarih 2007;157:32-7.
• 16. McCallum EJ. Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century: ABC Clio ltd.; 2008.
• 17. Yıldırım Y. Batılaşma Döneminde Osmanlı Sağlık Kuruluşları [Ottoman Health Institutions in the Westernization Period]. Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. 1988;8(2).
• 18. Dictionaries OLs. The Oxford Dictionary 2017 Available from: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/samuel-colt.
• 19. Heyes C. Four routes of cognitive evolution. Psychological review 2003;110(4):713-27.
• 20. Sevimli Ş. Cognitive Evolution of Environmental Hygiene Concept in Anatolia during the Antique Age / Hittite Empire, Old Greek Civilization-Ion Colonies and Roman Age. Yeni tıp tarihi araştırmaları [New history of medicine studies]. 2011;17.
• 21. Çapa M. (Hilâl-i Ahmer) Cemiyeti (1914-1925), [Red Cressent Society1914-1915]. Ankara: Türkiye Kızılay Derneği Yayınlar; 1989.
• 22. Bugnion F. The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent: challenges, key issues and achievements: Cambridge University Press; 2009. 675–712. p.
• 23. Farren C, Mitchell C, Morette K. History and Development of Emergency Transportation, An Interactive Qualifying Project Report, Worcester Polytechnıc Institute. Worcester Polytechnic Institute; 2011.
• 24. The History of Ambulances 2016 [Available from: http://www.emt-resources.com/History-of-Ambulances.html.
• 25. TC Genelkurmay Başkanlığı. Birinci Dünya Harbi’nde Türk Harbi, [World War, 1914-1918]. Ankara: Ankara Genelkurmay Basım Evi; 1993.
• 26. Yurdal MO. Çanakkale Muharebeleri Esnasında Cephe ve Cephe Gerisi Sağlık Hizmetleri [Health services for the front line and rearguard during the Gallipoli Battles] 2016 [Available from: canakkalemuharebeleri1915.com/makale-ler/mustafa-onur-yurdal/ 295-canakkale-muharebeleri-esnasinda-cephe-ve-cephe-gerisi-saglik-hizmetleri.
• 27. Advanced Training Program for Emergency Medical Technicians: Ambulance. Training of Ambulance Personnel and Others Responsible for Emergency Care of the Sick and Injured at the Scene and During Transport: Guidelines and Recommendations. General Aviation Safety and Security Practices Regionalizing Emergency Care: Workshop Summary. Wheatley B, editor. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 1970. 14 p.
• 28. Lam DM. To pop a balloon: aeromedical evacuation in the 1870 siege of Paris. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine. 1988;59(10):988-91.
• 29. EL B, NC MU. The clock is ticking in pediatric critical care transport! Making the right transport choices for our patients, air command and staff college air university, A Research Report.; 2011.
• 30. Hughes K. Army helicopters in Korea, 1950 to '53 2016 Available from: https://www.army.mil/article/177302/army_helicopters_in_korea_1950_to_53.
• 31. Haine EA. Railroad Wrecks Hardcover. U.S.: Cornwall Books; 1994.
• 32. Tintinalli JE, Holliman CJ, Cameron P. EMS: A Practical Global Guidebook. Connecticut: People’s Medical Publishing House of China, US Division; 2010.
• 33. Şimşek P, Günaydın M, Gunduz A. Hastane Öncesi Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri: Türkiye Örneği Pre-Hospital Emergency Health Services: The Case of Turkiye. 2019:120-7.
• 34. WHO. Assesment of Health systems crisis preparedness Turkey Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2011 [cited 2017. Available from: www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/141557/e94988.
• 35. Zygowicz WM. 10 Things to Consider When Improving Ambulance Safety: journal of emergancy medical service; 2017 [cited 10.11.2019]. Available from: https://www.jems.com/2017/10/01/10-things-to-consider-when-improving-ambulance-safety/.
• 36. Beaudry A, et al. Dynamic transportation of patients in hospitals. OR Spectrum 2010;32(1):77-107.
• 37. Christie PM, Levary RR. The use of simulation in planning the transportation of patients to hospitals following a disaster. J Med Syst 1998;22(5):289-300.
• 38. Zhu Z, McKnew MA, Lee J. Modeling Time-Varied Arrival Rates: An Application Issue in Queuing Systems. Simulation 1994;62(3):146-54.
• 39. Hains IM, et al. Non-emergency patient transport: what are the quality and safety issues? A systematic review. Int J Qual Health Care 2011;23(1):68-75.