Use of Q Methodology in Medical Ethics Research: An Example of Artificial Intelligence Ethics Research in Radiology
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 418 - 429, 31.05.2024
Seçil Özçiftçi
,
Aslıhan Akpınar
,
Onur Dönmez
Öz
Aim: This study aims to discuss the appropriateness of the use of Q methodology in medical ethics through the example of a doctoral thesis that aims to investigate the ethical dimension of the use of artificial intelligence in radiology and introduce the method.
Method: Q-methodology was identified as the most appropriate methodology to answer the research question posed. The main elements of Q-methodology, namely (i) definition of the communication field (literature review); (ii) development of a set of statements (Q-set); (iii) selection of participants (P-set); and (iv) analysis and interpretation, were explained with examples of how they were practically applied in the study. The study was conducted between November 2023 and March 2024. Snowball sampling method was used to select the sample since a small group was the subject of a new topic.
Result: Q methodology was identified as the most appropriate method to answer the research question. Basic values were determined by reviewing the literature on artificaI intelligence ethics in radiology. A list of 52 statements that would meet these values was created by the researchers as a draft item pool. Q set was reduced to 36 questions through language analysis and expert opinions. The research question and the pool of items created and confirmed by expert opinions were digitized with the open source EQ Web Configurator tool. With this tool, the Q set was packaged as a web application. This package was published on https://ethicsqsort.netlify.app. The address was sent to potential participants in an invitation text. The statistical components of the Q-methodology include factor extraction and factor rotation. For factor extraction and factor rotation, we used KADE, a Q-methodology specific program.
Conclusion: The Q-set developed in the study to evaluate the perspective of radiologists about the ethical dimension of the use of artificial intelligence in radiology is considered to be a useful tool applicable to medical ethics issues.
Kaynakça
- 1. Jueng RN, Huang SH, Li TP, Liang HY, Huang CM. Application of a Q Method Study to Understanding Nurses' Perspective of Adopting Evidence-Based Nursing. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2017 Dec;11(4):253-260.
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- 4. Churruca K, Ludlow K, Wu W, Gibbons K, Nguyen HM, Ellis LA, Braithwaite J. A scoping review of Q-methodology in healthcare research. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021 Jun 21;21(1):125.
- 5. Wong W, Eiser AR, Mrtek RG, Heckerling PS. By-person factor analysis in clinical ethical decision making: Q methodology in end-of-life care decisions. Am J Bioeth 2004 Summer;4(3): 8-22.
- 6. Schuijff M, De Jong MDT, Dijkstra AM. A Q methodology study on divergent perspectives on CRISPR-Cas9 in the Netherlands. BMC Med Ethics 2021;22(1):48.
- 7. Kostenzer J, de Bont A, van Exel J. Women’s viewpoints on egg freezing in Austria: an online Q-methodology study. BMC Med Ethics 2021;22(1):1–12.
- 8. Hammami MM, et al. Prediction of life-story narrative for end-of-life surrogate’s decision-making is inadequate: a Q-methodology study. BMC Med Ethics 2019 3;20(1):28.
- 9. McHugh N, Baker RM, Mason H, Williamson L, van Exel J, Deogaonkar R, et al. Extending life for people with a terminal illness: a moral right and an expensive death? Exploring societal perspectives. BMC Med Ethics 2015 Mar 7; 16:14.
- 10. Aygün HE, Onsekiz Ç. Social-Emotional Development in the Primary School Guidance Curriculum: A Q-Methodology Study 2023;13:379–403
- 11. Çakmak Z, Akgün İH, Kaçar T. Social Studies Teachers’ Views on the 7th Grade Social Studies Teacher Guidebook and its Removal: A Q Method Analysis. Egitim ve Bilim 2022;47(210):217–38.
- 12. Çakmak Z, Kaçar T, Akgün İH. Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretim Programına İlişkin Sosyal Bilgiler Alan Eğitimcilerinin Görüşleri: Bir Q Metot Analizi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2023;20(2):666–89.
- 13. Yayla A. Okul Yöneticilerinin Eğitim Felsefesi Akımlarına İlişkin Görüşlerinin Q Metodu ile İncelenmesi. Anadolu Eğitim Liderliği ve Öğretim Dergisi 2023;11(1):130–47.
- 14. Alanazi AS, Wharrad H, Moffatt F, Taylor M, Ladan M. Q methodology in the covid-19 era. Healthcare (Switzerland) 2021;9(11).
- 15. Akhtar-Danesh N, Baumann A, Cordingley L. Q-methodology in nursing research: a promising method for the study of subjectivity. West J Nurs Res 2008;30(6):759-73.
- 16. Absalom‐Hornby V, et al. Attitudes of relatives and staff towards family intervention in forensic services using Q methodology. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2012;19(2):162–73.
- 17. Zabala A, Sandbrook C, Mukherjee N. When and how to use Q methodology to understand perspectives in conservation research. Conservation Biology [Internet] 2018;32(5):1185–94.
- 18. Askay SW, et al. Using QMethodology to Identify Reasons for Distress in Burn Survivors Postdischarge. Journal of Burn Care & Research 2009;30(1):83–91.
19. Simons J. An introduction to Q methodology. Nurse Res [Internet] 2013;20(3):28–32.
- 20. Yang Y. A Brief Introduction to Q Methodology. International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology 2016;7(2):42–53.
- 21. Martinho A, Kroesen M, Chorus C. A healthy debate: Exploring the views of medical doctors on the ethics of artificial intelligence. Artif Intell Med 2021;121(October):102190.
- 22. Research Design: Q Methodology. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0oyjtuN-S8 (Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2023)
- 23. Demonstration of a Q factor analysis using KADE. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmFEt70j9I8&list=PLFKu0j9dWNQz8vM6TLMkBbtWp0-SuyOb6&index=19 (Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2023)
- 24. Polat M. Nitel-Nicel Bir Yaklaşım Olarak Q-Metodoloji ve Eğitim Araştırmalarında Kullanılabilirliği Üzerine Düşünceler. Pausbed August 2022;(51):481-489.
- 25. Lee BS. the Fundamentals of Q Methodology. Journal of Research Methodology 2017;2(2):57–95.
26. Jobin A, Ienca M, Vayena E. The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat Mach Intell 2019;1(9):389–99.
27. Jaremko JL, et al. Canadian Association of Radiologists White Paper on Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Artificial Intelligence in Radiology. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 2019;70(2):107–18.
- 28. Lekadira K, Osuala R, Gallin CS, Lazrak N, Kushibar K, Tsakou G, et al. FUTURE-AI: Guiding Principles and Consensus Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging. (2021). ArXiv, abs/2109.09658.
- 29. Ryan M, Stahl BC. Artificial intelligence ethics guidelines for developers and users: clarifying their content and normative implications. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 2021;19(1):61–86.
- 30. Kim B, Koopmanschap I, Mehrizi MHR, Huysman M, Ranschaert E. How does the radiology community discuss the benefits and limitations of artificial intelligence for their work? A systematic discourse analysis. Eur J Radiol 2021 Mar;136:109566.
- 31. Demir F, Kul M. Algı, Tutum, Karakteristik Özellikler, Tipoloji, İçerik Analizi ve Araştırmaları için Modern Bir Araştırma Yöntemi Q Metodu. 2011. 42–43 p.
- 32. Starke G, et al. Intentional machines: A defence of trust in medical artificial intelligence. Bioethics 2022;36(2):154–61.
- 33. Safdar NM, Banja JD, Meltzer CC. Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence. Eur J Radiol 2020 Jan;122:108768.
- 34. AI Now 2017 Report. Available from: https://ainowinstitute.org/publication/ai-now-2017-report-2 (Erişim tarihi: 24.09.2023)
- 35. High-level expert group on artificial intelligence. Available from: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/expert-group-ai (Erişim tarihi: 24.09.2023)
- 36. AI Now 2018 Report. Available from: https://ainowinstitute.org/publication/ai-now-2018-report-2 (Erişim tarihi:26.09.2023)
- 37. Shawnbanasick/eq_configurator [Internet]. Available from: https://github.com/shawnbanasick/eq_configurator (Erişim tarihi: 04.10.2023)
- 38. Ethicsqsort. Available from: https://ethicsqsort.netlify.app (Erişim tarihi: 04.10.2023)
- 39. Watts S, Stenner P. Doing Q methodology: Theory, method and interpretation. Qual Res Psychol 2005;2(1):67–91.
- 40. Rahma A, Mardiatno D, Rahmawati Hizbaron D. Q methodology to determine distinguishing and consensus factors (a case study of university students’ ecoliteracy on disaster risk reduction). E3S Web of Conferences. 2020;200(November).
- 41. Wright PN. Is Q for you?: Using Q methodology within geographical and pedagogical research. Journal of Geography in Higher Education [Internet] 2013;37(2):152–63. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03098265.2012.729814 (Erişim tarihi: 01.03.2024)
- 42. Brown SR. A Primer on Q Methodology. Operant Subjectivity 1993;16(3/4).
- 43. Berényi L. Relative Importance of Sustainable Development Goals by Q-Sort Evaluation. Sustainability (Switzerland) 2023;15(3).
- 44. Q method. Available from: https://qmethod.org/portfolio/van-exel-and-de-graaf-a-q-methodology-sneak-preview/ (Erişim tarihi: 26.03.2024)
- 45. Thumvichit A. Illuminating insights into subjectivity: Q as a methodology in applied linguistics research. Applied Linguistics Review 2024;15(2):531–54
Tıp Etiği Araştırmalarında Q Metodolojisi Kullanımı: Radyoloji Alanında Yapay Zekâ Etiği Araştırması Örneği
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 418 - 429, 31.05.2024
Seçil Özçiftçi
,
Aslıhan Akpınar
,
Onur Dönmez
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışmada halen yürütülmekte olan radyoloji alanında yapay zekâ sistemlerinin kullanımının etik boyutunu araştırmayı amaçlayan bir doktora tezinde Q metodolojisi kullanımının uygunluğunun tartışılması ve yöntemin tıp etiği alanında kullanımının tanıtılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Oluşturulan araştırma sorusunu en uygun yanıtlayacak yöntem olarak Q metodolojisi belirlendi. Q-metodolojisinin ana öğeleri olan (i) iletişim alanının tanımı (literatür taraması); (ii) ifadeler dizisinin geliştirilmesi (Q-dizgesi); (iii) katılımcıların seçimi (P-set); ve (iv) analiz ve yorumlama adımlarının çalışmada pratik olarak nasıl uygulandığı örneklerle açıklandı. Çalışma Kasım 2023 ve Mart 2024 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirildi. Yeni bir konu hakkında küçük bir grubun özne olması sebebiyle örneklem seçiminde kartopu örneklem yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Radyolojide yapay zekâ etiği konusundaki literatür taramasıyla temel değerler saptandı. Araştırmacılar tarafından bu değerleri karşılayacak 52 ifadeyi içeren bir taslak madde havuzu oluşturuldu. Q dizgesi dil incelemesi ve uzman görüşleriyle 36 maddeye indirildi. Araştırma sorusunun oluşturulması, oluşturulan ve uzman görüşleriyle uygunluğu teyit edilen madde havuzu, açık kaynak kodlu EQ Web Configurator aracı ile dijitalleştirildi. Bu araçla, Q dizgesi bir internet uygulaması olarak paketlendi. Bu paket https://ethicsqsort.netlify.app adresinde yayına alındı. Oluşturulan adres, potansiyel katılımcılara bir davet metni içinde gönderildi. Q-metodolojisinin istatistiksel bileşenleri, faktör çıkarma ve faktör döndürmeyi içermektedir. Faktör çıkarma ve faktör döndürme için, PQMethod ve KADE gibi yaygın olarak kullanılan Q metoda özgü programlardan, KADE kullanıldı.
Sonuç: Çalışmada radyolojide yapay zekâ kullanımının etik boyutu hakkında radyoloji uzmanlarının bakış açısını değerlendirmek üzere geliştirilen Q dizgesinin tıp etiği konularında uygulanabilir kullanışlı bir araç olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Kaynakça
- 1. Jueng RN, Huang SH, Li TP, Liang HY, Huang CM. Application of a Q Method Study to Understanding Nurses' Perspective of Adopting Evidence-Based Nursing. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2017 Dec;11(4):253-260.
- 2. Cross RM. Advance Access publication 22. Health Educ Res 2004;20(2).
- 3. Hammami M, Hammami R, Kawadry S, Alvi S. Modeling lay people's ethical views on abortion: A Q-methodology study. Dev World Bioeth 2022 Jun;22(2):67-75.
- 4. Churruca K, Ludlow K, Wu W, Gibbons K, Nguyen HM, Ellis LA, Braithwaite J. A scoping review of Q-methodology in healthcare research. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021 Jun 21;21(1):125.
- 5. Wong W, Eiser AR, Mrtek RG, Heckerling PS. By-person factor analysis in clinical ethical decision making: Q methodology in end-of-life care decisions. Am J Bioeth 2004 Summer;4(3): 8-22.
- 6. Schuijff M, De Jong MDT, Dijkstra AM. A Q methodology study on divergent perspectives on CRISPR-Cas9 in the Netherlands. BMC Med Ethics 2021;22(1):48.
- 7. Kostenzer J, de Bont A, van Exel J. Women’s viewpoints on egg freezing in Austria: an online Q-methodology study. BMC Med Ethics 2021;22(1):1–12.
- 8. Hammami MM, et al. Prediction of life-story narrative for end-of-life surrogate’s decision-making is inadequate: a Q-methodology study. BMC Med Ethics 2019 3;20(1):28.
- 9. McHugh N, Baker RM, Mason H, Williamson L, van Exel J, Deogaonkar R, et al. Extending life for people with a terminal illness: a moral right and an expensive death? Exploring societal perspectives. BMC Med Ethics 2015 Mar 7; 16:14.
- 10. Aygün HE, Onsekiz Ç. Social-Emotional Development in the Primary School Guidance Curriculum: A Q-Methodology Study 2023;13:379–403
- 11. Çakmak Z, Akgün İH, Kaçar T. Social Studies Teachers’ Views on the 7th Grade Social Studies Teacher Guidebook and its Removal: A Q Method Analysis. Egitim ve Bilim 2022;47(210):217–38.
- 12. Çakmak Z, Kaçar T, Akgün İH. Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretim Programına İlişkin Sosyal Bilgiler Alan Eğitimcilerinin Görüşleri: Bir Q Metot Analizi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2023;20(2):666–89.
- 13. Yayla A. Okul Yöneticilerinin Eğitim Felsefesi Akımlarına İlişkin Görüşlerinin Q Metodu ile İncelenmesi. Anadolu Eğitim Liderliği ve Öğretim Dergisi 2023;11(1):130–47.
- 14. Alanazi AS, Wharrad H, Moffatt F, Taylor M, Ladan M. Q methodology in the covid-19 era. Healthcare (Switzerland) 2021;9(11).
- 15. Akhtar-Danesh N, Baumann A, Cordingley L. Q-methodology in nursing research: a promising method for the study of subjectivity. West J Nurs Res 2008;30(6):759-73.
- 16. Absalom‐Hornby V, et al. Attitudes of relatives and staff towards family intervention in forensic services using Q methodology. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2012;19(2):162–73.
- 17. Zabala A, Sandbrook C, Mukherjee N. When and how to use Q methodology to understand perspectives in conservation research. Conservation Biology [Internet] 2018;32(5):1185–94.
- 18. Askay SW, et al. Using QMethodology to Identify Reasons for Distress in Burn Survivors Postdischarge. Journal of Burn Care & Research 2009;30(1):83–91.
19. Simons J. An introduction to Q methodology. Nurse Res [Internet] 2013;20(3):28–32.
- 20. Yang Y. A Brief Introduction to Q Methodology. International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology 2016;7(2):42–53.
- 21. Martinho A, Kroesen M, Chorus C. A healthy debate: Exploring the views of medical doctors on the ethics of artificial intelligence. Artif Intell Med 2021;121(October):102190.
- 22. Research Design: Q Methodology. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0oyjtuN-S8 (Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2023)
- 23. Demonstration of a Q factor analysis using KADE. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmFEt70j9I8&list=PLFKu0j9dWNQz8vM6TLMkBbtWp0-SuyOb6&index=19 (Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2023)
- 24. Polat M. Nitel-Nicel Bir Yaklaşım Olarak Q-Metodoloji ve Eğitim Araştırmalarında Kullanılabilirliği Üzerine Düşünceler. Pausbed August 2022;(51):481-489.
- 25. Lee BS. the Fundamentals of Q Methodology. Journal of Research Methodology 2017;2(2):57–95.
26. Jobin A, Ienca M, Vayena E. The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat Mach Intell 2019;1(9):389–99.
27. Jaremko JL, et al. Canadian Association of Radiologists White Paper on Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Artificial Intelligence in Radiology. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 2019;70(2):107–18.
- 28. Lekadira K, Osuala R, Gallin CS, Lazrak N, Kushibar K, Tsakou G, et al. FUTURE-AI: Guiding Principles and Consensus Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging. (2021). ArXiv, abs/2109.09658.
- 29. Ryan M, Stahl BC. Artificial intelligence ethics guidelines for developers and users: clarifying their content and normative implications. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 2021;19(1):61–86.
- 30. Kim B, Koopmanschap I, Mehrizi MHR, Huysman M, Ranschaert E. How does the radiology community discuss the benefits and limitations of artificial intelligence for their work? A systematic discourse analysis. Eur J Radiol 2021 Mar;136:109566.
- 31. Demir F, Kul M. Algı, Tutum, Karakteristik Özellikler, Tipoloji, İçerik Analizi ve Araştırmaları için Modern Bir Araştırma Yöntemi Q Metodu. 2011. 42–43 p.
- 32. Starke G, et al. Intentional machines: A defence of trust in medical artificial intelligence. Bioethics 2022;36(2):154–61.
- 33. Safdar NM, Banja JD, Meltzer CC. Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence. Eur J Radiol 2020 Jan;122:108768.
- 34. AI Now 2017 Report. Available from: https://ainowinstitute.org/publication/ai-now-2017-report-2 (Erişim tarihi: 24.09.2023)
- 35. High-level expert group on artificial intelligence. Available from: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/expert-group-ai (Erişim tarihi: 24.09.2023)
- 36. AI Now 2018 Report. Available from: https://ainowinstitute.org/publication/ai-now-2018-report-2 (Erişim tarihi:26.09.2023)
- 37. Shawnbanasick/eq_configurator [Internet]. Available from: https://github.com/shawnbanasick/eq_configurator (Erişim tarihi: 04.10.2023)
- 38. Ethicsqsort. Available from: https://ethicsqsort.netlify.app (Erişim tarihi: 04.10.2023)
- 39. Watts S, Stenner P. Doing Q methodology: Theory, method and interpretation. Qual Res Psychol 2005;2(1):67–91.
- 40. Rahma A, Mardiatno D, Rahmawati Hizbaron D. Q methodology to determine distinguishing and consensus factors (a case study of university students’ ecoliteracy on disaster risk reduction). E3S Web of Conferences. 2020;200(November).
- 41. Wright PN. Is Q for you?: Using Q methodology within geographical and pedagogical research. Journal of Geography in Higher Education [Internet] 2013;37(2):152–63. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03098265.2012.729814 (Erişim tarihi: 01.03.2024)
- 42. Brown SR. A Primer on Q Methodology. Operant Subjectivity 1993;16(3/4).
- 43. Berényi L. Relative Importance of Sustainable Development Goals by Q-Sort Evaluation. Sustainability (Switzerland) 2023;15(3).
- 44. Q method. Available from: https://qmethod.org/portfolio/van-exel-and-de-graaf-a-q-methodology-sneak-preview/ (Erişim tarihi: 26.03.2024)
- 45. Thumvichit A. Illuminating insights into subjectivity: Q as a methodology in applied linguistics research. Applied Linguistics Review 2024;15(2):531–54