BENFORD YASASI İLE FİNANSAL TABLOLARDAKİ HİLE RİSKİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 543 - 569, 01.11.2020

Onur Özevin Hassan Yazdifar

https://doi.org/10.29067/muvu.629542

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bazı finansal ve finansal olmayan parametreler yardımıyla finansal tablolardaki potansiyel hile riskini araştırmaktır. Hile riskinin tespiti için BIST şirketleri içerisinden Benford yasasına uyum kriterine göre kontrol ve risk grupları belirlenmiştir. Hile riskinde etkili olabilecek faktörler olarak; sektör, BIST risk grupları, bağımsız denetim firmalarının büyüklüğü, bağımsız denetim yükümlülüğü ve bağımsız yönetim kurulu üye sayısı olmak üzere beş değişken seçilmiştir.
Bu amaçla BIST reel sektörde işlem gören şirketlerin 2008-2017 yılları için bilanço ve gelir tabloları veri seti olarak alınmıştır. Finansal tabloların Benford yasasına uygunluğunu ölçmek için veri setine Benford analizi uygulanmıştır. T-Testi, ANOVA ve TUKEY testleri gruplar arasındaki farklılıkarın analiz edilmesinde kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, şirket grupları arasında hile riski açısından anlamlı farklar belirlenmiş dolayısıyla söz konusu değişkenlerin finansal tablolarda hile riskini etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Şirket sahipleri, muhasebe meslek mensupları, denetçiler ve vergi otoritesi gibi çevrelerin bu yöntemi kırmızı bayrakları tespit etmek ve denetim hedeflerini seçmek için kullanabileceği değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Benford Yasası, Hile Denetimi, Finansal Tablolar analizi, Hile Risk Faktörleri

ASSESSING THE FRAUD RISK FACTORS IN THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS WITH BENFORD'S LAW

Öz

The aim of this study is research potential fraud risk in financial statements by using some financial and nonfinancial parameters. For detection of fraud risk used conformity of financial statements with Benford's law among different groups of companies. Variables to be met by financial statement liability include sectors, risk groups, size of independent audit firms, independent auditing obligation and independent membership of directory board.
To this intent balance sheet and income statements of the companies traded in BIST real sector for the years 2008-2017, taken as data set. Data set were applied Benford analysis for measuring conformity of financial statements with Benford’s law. For analyse difference between groups applied T-Test, ANOVA and TUKEY tests. As a result, investigated significant difference between company groups and variables were found to affect the fraud risk in the financial statements. These results have shown impact of different variables on financial statement as a fraud risk factor. It has expected that these factors are effective in the financial statement fraud. Company owners, professsional accountants, auditors and tax authority can use this method for detecting red flags and selecting audit targets.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Benford’s Law, Fraud Detection, Financial Statement Analysis, Fraud Risk Factors

Kaynakça

• Aaker, D. A., and Jacobson, R. 1994. The financial information content of perceived quality. Journal of marketing research, 191-201.
• Abbott, L. J., Park, Y., & Parker, S. (2000). The Effects Of Audit Committee Activity And Independence On Corporate Fraud. Managerial Finance, 26 (11), 55-68.
• Akkaş, M.E., 2007. Denetimde Benford Kanunu'nun Uygulanması, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9 (1), 191 – 206.
• Amiram D., Bozanic Z. and Rouen E., 2015. Financial Statement Errors: Evidence From The Distributional Properties Of Financial Statement Numbers, Rev Account Stud, 20, 1540–1593.
• Archambault J.J. and Archambault M.E., 2011. Earnings Management Among Firms During The Pre-Sec Era: A Benford's Law, Analysis Accounting Historians Joumal, 38 (2), 145-170.
• Benford, F., 1938. The law of anomalous numbers. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 78 (4), 551-572.
• Beasley M.S., Carcello V.J, Hermanson, D.R., and Lapides’ P.D., 2000. Fraudulent Financial Reporting: Consideration of Industry Traits and Corporate Governance Mechanisms. Accounting Horizons: December 2000, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 441-454.
• Boztepe, E., 2013. Benford Kanunu ve Muhasebe Denetiminde Kullanılabilirliği. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (1), 73.
• Brazel, J. F., Jones, K. L., & Zimbelman, M. F. 2009. Using nonfinancial measures to assess fraud risk. Journal of Accounting Research, 47(5), 1135-1166.
• Carslaw, C., 1988. Anomalies in Income Numbers: Evidence of Goal Oriented Behavior. The Accounting Review 63 (2), 321-327.
• Das, S., and Zhang, H., 2003. Rounding-up in Reported EPS, Behavioral Thresholds and Earnings Management. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 35(1), 31-50.
• Demir, M., 2014. Benford Yasası ve Hile Denetiminde Kullanılması, Unpublished Master's Thesis, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi.
• Dechow, P. M., & Dichev, I. D. (2002). The quality of accruals and earnings: The role of accrual estimation errors. The accounting review, 77(s-1), 35-59.
• Dorfleitner, G., and Klein, C., 2008. Psychological barriers in European stock markets: Where are they? Global Finance Journal 19 (3), 268-285.
• Drake, P., and Nigrini M., 2000. Computer Assisted Analytical Procedures Using Benford’s Law. Journal of Accounting Education 18, 127-146.
• Durtschi, C,, Hillison, W., and Pacini, C., 2004. The Effective Use Of Benford’s Law To Assist In Detecting Fraud in Accounting Data. Journal of Forensic Accounting V, 17-34.
• Fewster R.M., 2012. A Simple Explanation of Benford's Law, The American Statistician, 63(1), 26-32.
• Erkuş H. and Karagöz K, 2009. Türkiye’de Kayıt Dışı Ekonomi ve Vergi Kaybının Tahmini, Maliye Dergisi, 156- 139.
• Geyer, C.L., and Williamson, P.P., 2004. Detecting Fraud İn Data Sets Using Benford's Law. Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation, 33 (1), 229-246.
• Henselmann, K., Scherr, E., and Ditter, D., 2013. Applying Benford's Law to individual Financial Reports: An Empirical İnvestigation On The Basis of SEC XBRL Filings, 2012 (1). Working Papers in Accounting Valuation Auditing.
• Hill, T.P., 1998. The First-Digit Phenomenon. American Scientist 86 (4), 358-363.
• Hill, T.P., 1988. Random-Number Guessing and the First Digit Phenomenon. Psychological Reports 62 (3), 967-971.
• Hsieh, C.H., and Lin, F., 2013. Applying Digital Analysis to Detect Fraud: An Empirical Analysis of US Marine Industry. Applied Economics, 45 (1), 135-140. Jaggi, B., Leung, S., & Gul, F. (2009). Family control, board independence and earnings management: Evidence based on Hong Kong firms. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 28(4), 281-300.
• Johnson, G. C., 2009. Using Benford's Law to Determine if Selected Company Characteristics are Red Flags for Earnings Management. Journal of Forensic Studies in Accounting & Business, 1 (2).
• Johnson, G.G., and Weggenmann, J., 2013. Exploratory Research Applying Benford’s Law to Selected Balances in the Financial Statements of State Governments. Academy of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal 17 (3), 31-44.
• Jordan, C. E., and Clark, S. J., 2011. Detecting Cosmetic Earnings Management Using Benford's Law. The CPA Journal, 81 (2), 32.
• Jordan, C. E., Clark, S. J., and Hames, C., 2009. Manipulating Sales Revenue to Achieve Cognitive Reference Points: An Examination of Large US public Companies.
• Journal of Applied Business Research, 25 (2), 95.
• Karacaer, S., and Özek, P. 2010. Denetim Firmasının Büyüklüğü ve Kâr Yönetimi İlişkisi: İMKB Şirketleri Üzerinde Ampirik Bir Araştırma. Journal of Accounting & Finance, (48).
• Kinnunen, J., and Koskela, M., 2003. Who Is Miss World In Cosmetic Earnings Management? A Cross-National Comparison of Small Upward Rounding Of Net İncome Numbers Among Eighteen Countries. Journal of International Accounting Research, 2 (1), 39-68.
• Krakar, Z., & Žgela, M., 2009. Application of Benford's Law in Payment Systems Auditing. Journal of Information and Organizational Sciences, 33(1), 39-51.
• Körpi, M., Civan, M., Kara, E., and Topçuoğlu, N. (2016). Hileli Finansal Raporlama Riskini Ortaya Çıkaran Faktörler: BIST’da Bir Uygulama. Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies, 271-291.
• Mock, T. J., & Turner, J. L. 2005. Auditor identification of fraud risk factors and their impact on audit programs. International Journal of Auditing, 9(1), 59-77.
• Möller, M., 2009., Measuring the Quality of Auditing Services with the Help of Benford’s Law - An Empirical Analysis and Discussion of this Methodical Approach. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1529307
• Newcomb, S., 1881. Note on The Frequency Of Use Of The Different Digits In Natural Numbers. American Journal of Mathematics 4 (1), 39-40.
• Nigrini, M.J., and Mittermaier, L.J., 1997. The use of Benford's Law as an Aid in Analytical Procedures. Auditing - A Journal of Practice & Theory 16 (2), 52-67.
• Nigrini, M.J., 1992. The Detection of Income Tax Evasion Through an Analysis of Digital Frequencies. Unpublished PhD. thesis, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
• Nigrini, M.J., 1994. Using Digital Frequencies To Detect Fraud. Fraud Magazine, The White Paper Index 8 (2), 3-6.
• Nigrini, M.J., 1996. A Taxpayer Compliance Application of Benford’s law. Journal of the American Taxation Association 18 (1), 72-91.
• Nigrini, M.J., 1999a. I’ve Got Your Number. Journal of Accountancy 187 (5), 79-83.
• Nigrini, M.J., 2000. Digital Analysis Using Benford's Law: Tests Statistics for Auditors. Global Audit Publications, Vancouver, Canada.
• Nigrini, M.J., 2011. Benford's Law: Applications for Forensic Accounting, Auditing and Fraud Detection. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
• Niskanen, J., and Keloharju, M., 2000. Earnings Cosmetics İn A Tax-Driven Accounting Environment: Evidence From Finnish Public Firms. European Accounting Review, 9 (3), 443-452.
• Özdemir, M., 2014. Muhasebe Denetiminde Benford Kanunu ve Ölçekten Bağımsızlık Yönteminin Sınanmasına Yönelik Bir İnceleme, Unpublished Master Thesis, İstanbul University, İstanbul
• Pinkham, R.S., 1961. On the Distribution of First Significant Digits. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 32 (4), 1223-1230.
• Peasnell, K. V., Pope, P. F., & Young, S. (2000). Accrual management to meet earnings targets: UK evidence pre-and post-Cadbury. The British Accounting Review, 32(4), 415-445.
• Quick, R., and Wolz, M., 2005. Benford’s Law İn German Financial Statements. Finance India, 19 (4), 1285-1302.
• Rauch, B., Brähler, G., Engel, S. and Göttsche, M. 2011. Fact and Fiction in EU-Governmental Economic Data. German Economic Review 12 (3), 243-255.
• Skousen, C.J., Guan, L., and Wetzel, T.S., 2004. Anomalies And Unusual Patterns İn Reported Earnings: Japanese Managers Round Earnings. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting 15 (3), 212-234.
• Spathis, C.H., Doumpos M., C. Zopounidis (2002) Detecting falsified financial statements: a comparative study using multicriteria analysis and multivariate statistical techniques, European Accounting Review, 11:3, 509-535
• Tam Cho, W. K., and Gaines, B. J., 2007. Breaking the (Benford) Law: Statistical Fraud Detection in Campaign Finance. The American Statistician, 61 (3), 218-223.
• Thomas, J.K., 1989. Unusual Patterns in Reported Earnings. Accounting Review 64 (4), 773-787.
• Tilden, C., and Janes, T. 2012. Empirical Evidence of Financial Statement Manipulation During Economic Recessions. Journal of Finance And Accountancy, 10, 1.
• Uzuner, MT., 2014. Benford Yasasinin Borsa İstanbul’da İslem Gören Bankalarin Konsoli̇de Bi̇lançolarina Uygulanmasi. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 5 (10), 3-82.
• Van Caneghem, T., 2012. Earnings Management Induced By Cognitive Reference Points. The British Accounting Review 34 (2), 167-178.
• Van Caneghem T., 2004. The impact of audit quality on earnings rounding-up behaviour: some UK evidence, European Accounting Review, 13 (4), 771-786
• Yanık, R., and Samancı, T.H., 2013. Benford Kanunu ve Muhasebe Verilerinde Uygulanmasına Ait Kamu Sektöründe Bir Uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17 (1), 335-348.
• Yıldız, E., & Baskan, T. D. (2014). Muhasebe Hilelerinin Önlenmesinde Kullanılan Araçlar: BİST Şirketleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (62), 1-18.
• www.kap.org.tr
• www.finnet.com
• Xie, B., Davidson III, W. N., & DaDalt, P. J. (2003). Earnings management and corporate governance: the role of the board and the audit committee. Journal of corporate finance, 9(3), 295-316.
• Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2018. https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/other/framework#link0
• Kepekçi, C. (1996). Bağımsız Denetim, Lazer Ofset, Ankara.
• Şehirli, K. 1999. Kurumsal Yönetim, (Yeterlik Etüdü), SPK Denetleme Dairesi,
• Pamukçu, F. (2011). Finansal raporlama ile kamuyu aydınlatma ve şeffaflıkta kurumsal yönetimin önemi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (50), 133-148.
• Özkol, E., Çelik, M., & Gönen, S. (2005). Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk kavramı ve muhasebenin sosyal sorumluluğu. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (27), 134-145.
• Robinson, T.R., Henry E., Pirie W.L, Broihahn, M.A, Cope A.T., 2015. International Financial Statement Analysis, Third Edition, Wiley