Ekonomik ve Teknolojik Faktörlerin Yüksek Ofis Yapılarının Ortaya Çıkışı ve Gelişimi Üzerindeki Etkisi
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 161 - 179, 30.06.2020
Görkem Arslan Kılınç
,
Ayşin Sev
Öz
Yüksek ofis yapıları günümüz kentlerinin sıkça rastlanan birer ögesidir. Bu yapı tipolojisinin ortaya çıkışı, mimari ve strüktürel gelişimi üzerinde etkili temel faktörler ise sosyo-ekonomik ve teknolojik faktörlerdir. Daha yüksek kar getirisi sağlayacak yapılar ve mekanlar elde etme isteği 19. ve 20. yy boyunca yüksek ofis yapılarının mimarilerinin ve strüktürel sistemlerinin tasarımına yön vermiş, teknolojik ilerlemeler ise yüksek ofis yapılarındaki bu değişimi/gelişimi mümkün kılmıştır. Ekonomik faktörlerin yüksek ofis yapıları üzerindeki etkisi biçim değiştirmiş olsa da, günümüzde de sürmektedir. Bulunduğu ülkeye ve yatırımcısına daha fazla prestij ve gelir sağlaması hedeflenenrek tasarlanan yüksek yapılar her geçen gün daha yenilikçi teknolojileri benimsemekte olup, daha yükseğe ulaşmaya çalışmaktadır. 19. yy sonlarında ve 20. yy başlarında bir tasarım problemi oluşturmayan fakat günümüzde yüksek ofis yapılarının mimari ve strüktürel gelişimine yön veren bir diğer etmen ise enerjinin etkin kullanımıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında 19 yy’den 21. yy’ye yüksek ofis yapılarının ortaya çıkışı ve gelişimi ekonomik ve teknolojik faktörlerin etkisi ekseninde incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmeler ortaya konulmuştur.
Kaynakça
- Abdelrazaq, Ahmad, “Validating the dinamics of the Burj Khalifa”, CTBUH Journal, 2011, CTBUH, s. 18-23.
- Aldred, James, “Burj Khalifa–a new high for high-performance concrete”, Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers, GHD Pty Ltd., Sydney-Australia 2010, s. 66–73.
- Ali, M. Mir ve Al-Kodmany, Kheir, “Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat of the 21st Century: A Global Perspective”, Buildings, 2012, s. 384-423.
- Al-Kodmany, Kheir ve Ali, M. Mir, “An Overview of Structural & Aesthetic Developments in Tall Buildings Using Exterior Bracing & Diagrid Systems”, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 2016, 5(4), s. 271-291.
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- Armstrong Paul J., Architecture of Tall Buildings, McGraw-Hill Inc., ABD 1995.
- Boake, Terry Meyer, “The Emergence of the Diagrid - It’s All About the Node”, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, CTBUH, 2016, 5(4), s. 293-304.
- Choi, Hi Sun; Ho, Goman; Joseph, Leonard ve Mathias, Neville, Outrigger Design for High-Rise Buildings, Routledge, New York 2012.
- Craighead, Geoff, High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, Elseiver, Burlington 2009.
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The Effects of Economic and Technologic Factors on the Emergence and Development of Tall Office Buildings
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 161 - 179, 30.06.2020
Görkem Arslan Kılınç
,
Ayşin Sev
Öz
One of the most common pillars of the cities are tall office buildings. Economic and technologic factors are the main factors which effects architectural and structural development of the tall office buildings. The desire to obtain higher return on profits from tall office buildings has effected the architectural and structural design of tall office buildings, and technological advances have led to this change. Even though, effect of economic factors shapes design of tall office buildings in a different way, that is still an effective factor on design process. Tall buildings are designed to provide more prestige and income to its investors. Therefore, as time goes by they are adopted more innovative technologies and getting higher. Another factor that did not pose a design problem in the late 19th century and early 20th century, but effects today the architectural and structural development of tall office buildings is the efficient use of energy. Within the scope of this study, the emergence and development of high-rise office buildings from the 19th century to the 21st century were examined and evaluated in the axis of the impact of economic and technological factors.
Kaynakça
- Abdelrazaq, Ahmad, “Validating the dinamics of the Burj Khalifa”, CTBUH Journal, 2011, CTBUH, s. 18-23.
- Aldred, James, “Burj Khalifa–a new high for high-performance concrete”, Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers, GHD Pty Ltd., Sydney-Australia 2010, s. 66–73.
- Ali, M. Mir ve Al-Kodmany, Kheir, “Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat of the 21st Century: A Global Perspective”, Buildings, 2012, s. 384-423.
- Al-Kodmany, Kheir ve Ali, M. Mir, “An Overview of Structural & Aesthetic Developments in Tall Buildings Using Exterior Bracing & Diagrid Systems”, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 2016, 5(4), s. 271-291.
- Ascher, Kate, The Heights: Anatomy of a Skyscraper, The Penguin Press, New York 2011.
- Barnes, James ve Hendricks, Jonathan, “Case Study: The Bow, Calgary”, CTBUH Journal, CTBUH, 2013, 3, s. 12-19.
- Armstrong Paul J., Architecture of Tall Buildings, McGraw-Hill Inc., ABD 1995.
- Boake, Terry Meyer, “The Emergence of the Diagrid - It’s All About the Node”, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, CTBUH, 2016, 5(4), s. 293-304.
- Choi, Hi Sun; Ho, Goman; Joseph, Leonard ve Mathias, Neville, Outrigger Design for High-Rise Buildings, Routledge, New York 2012.
- Craighead, Geoff, High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, Elseiver, Burlington 2009.
- Deplazes, Andrea, Constructing Architecture: Materials Processes Structures a Handbook, Birkhauser Verlag AG., Berlin 2005.
- Hascher, Rainer; Jeska, Simone ve Klauck, Birgit, A Design Manual: Office Buildings, Birkhauser, Berlin 2002.
- Khan, Fazlur, “Design of high-rise buildings”, A Symposium on Steel, Chicago 1965.
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- Leslie, Thomas, Chicago Skyscrapers 1871-1934, University of Illinois Press, Chicago 2013.
- Moon, Kyoung Sun, Diagrid Structures for Complex-Shaped Tall Buildings, Procedia Engineering, 2011, 14, s. 1343–1350.
- Moon, Kyoung Sun, Dynamic Interrelationship Between Technology and Architecture in Tall Buildings, Doktora Tezi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston 2005.
- Piotrowski, Christine. M.; Rogers, Elizabeth A., Designing Commercial Interiors, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1999.
- Poon, Dennis; Shieh, Shaw Song; Joseph, Leonard ve Chang, Ching Chang, “Structural Design of Taipei 101, the World's Tallest Building”, 2004 Seoul Conference, CTBUH, Seoul 2004, s. 271-278.
- Rahimian, Ahmad, “Stability of Diagrid Structures”, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, CTBUH, 2016, 5(4), s. 263-270.
- Sev, Ayşin, Innovations in Tall Building Design nd Technology: From Balloon Frame to the Megastructures, Scholars' Press, Saarbrücken-Germany 2015.
- Sev, Ayşin ve Özgen, Aydan, “Space efficiency in high-rise office buildings” Metu Journal of Faculty of Architecture, İstanbul 2009, 2, s. 69-89.
- Short, Michael J., Planning for Tall Buildings, Routledge, New York 2012.
- Trabucco, Dario, “Historical Evolution of the Service Core”, CTBUH Journal, CTBUH, s. 42-47.
- Url-1. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
https://chicagology.com/skyscrapers/skyscrapers038/ adresinden alındı.
- Url-2. 05 Ekim 2017 tarihinde
https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/larkin-building/ adresinden alındı.
- Url-3. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
https://www.archaic-mag.com/magazine/tag/Mies+van+der+Rohe adresinden alındı.
- Url-4. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-trump-building/619 adresinden alındı.
- Url-5. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/chrysler-building/422 adresinden alındı.
- Url-6. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Binası adresinden alındı.
- Url-7. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
https://www.e-architect.co.uk/chicago/john-hancock-center adresinden alındı.
- Url-8. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2365931/Larry-Silverstein-World-Trade-Center-owner-trying-sue-airlines-billions-9-11-attacks.html adresinden alındı.
- Url-9. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
http://khan.princeton.edu/khanSears.html adresinden alındı.
- Url-10. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
https://www.archdaily.com/139167/mode-gakuen-cocoon-tower-tange-associates adresinden alındı.
- Url-11. 05 Aralık 2019 tarihinde
www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/30-st-mary-axe adresinden alındı.
- Willis, Carol, Form Follows Finance, Princeton Architectural Press, New York 1995.
- Wood, Antony ve Salib, Ruba, Natural Ventilation in High-Rise Office Buildings, Routledge, Londra 2013.