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Analysing the Projects Implemented in Mumbai in terms of Social Sustainability

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 305 - 326, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.26835/my.1421066

Öz

As a result of the opportunities offered by the industrial revolution, population movement has accelerated in the world's cities with the driving force of the countryside and the attraction of urban areas. The increasing population as a result of population movements has led to the formation of different settlement patterns in urban areas. These settlement patterns are generally shaped in an unplanned manner. Those living in unplanned settlements are deprived of infrastructure services such as electricity, sewage, clean water and sanitation, and social and spatial services such as shelter, transportation, security, employment, adequate food and education. In a society where adequate services cannot be provided, social, economic and environmental problems occur. Many cities are implementing rehabilitation projects to find answers to these problems. The main factor for society to live in healthy cities and ensure its continuity and urban sustainability can only be achieved by ensuring social continuity and sustainability. Human beings will have different needs throughout their existence, but they will always have the right to happiness, prosperity, equal education, income, taxes and a healthy life for everyone. For this reason, why the social sustainability factor is required in rehabilitation projects in existing settlements and how this factor is achieved constitute the main problem of this study.

In order for the society to reach a healthy quality of life, social, economic, physical and environmental parameters must be provided. In this study, it is emphasized that the individual and the society are affected in social dimensions as a result of any disruption in the physical, environmental and economic parameters specified. It is argued that individuals in environments where social sustainability is ensured are happier. Within the scope of the study, Lallubhai and Natwar Parekh settlements, located in two different neighborhoods in the city of Mumbai, which have experienced rehabilitation in existing settlements, were selected as the sample area. The construction conditions, spatial characteristics of the sample areas and the social, physical, environmental and economic conditions of the local people during the usage process were analyzed in line with literature data. The analyzed sample areas were interpreted in the context of sustainability and social sustainability parameters. The result of the study will make a significant contribution to science on why and how existing settlements that need to be restructured due to needs should be evaluated with parameters in the context of sustainability and social sustainability.

Kaynakça

  • Baffoe, G., Kintrea, K. (2023). Neighbourhood research in the global south: What do we know so far?. Cities, 132 (104077). https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104077.
  • Baroghi, F., Ribeiro, P. & Lourenço, J. M. (2018). Olympics impacts in Rio de Janeiro´s urban sustainability. Transylvanian XXVI, 30, 7758-7765.
  • Bramley, G., Dempsey, N., Power, S., Brown, C. & Watkins, D. (2009). Social sustainability and urban form: Evidence from five British cities. Environment and Planning A, 41, 2125 - 2142.
  • Butsch, C., Sakdapolrak, P., & Saravanan, V.S. (2012). Urban health in India. Internationales Asienforum, 43(1-2), 13-32.
  • Cardeman, R. G., Salgado, M. S. (2012). Sustainability in the process of urban planning: Case study in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 4th Cib in International Conference On Smart and Sustainable Built Environments.
  • Damidavičiūtė, A., Bankovacki, C. (2016). Urban regeneration in Rio de Janeio favelas during the olympic games of 2016. Master Thesis in Development and International Relations.
  • Deb, S., Okulicz-Kozaryn, A. (2023). Exploring the association of urbanisation and subjective well-being in India. Cities, 132 (104068). https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104068.
  • Debnath, R., Bardhan, R. & Sunikka-Blank, M. (2019). Discomfort and distress in slum rehabilitation: Investigating a rebound phenomenon using a backcasting approach. Habitat International, 87. 75–90. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/habitat-international. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.03.010.
  • Del Rio, V. (2013). Şehir merkezinden iç limana: Baltimore'un sürdürülebilir canlandırılması bölüm 2: İç liman planı (1967'den 2005'e). Focus 14, 62-76.
  • Doctors For You there To Care, Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai, MMR Environment Improvement Society (2018). Studying the association between structural factors and tuberculosis in the resettlement colonies in the M - East ward, Mumbai. Final Report.
  • Dullinja, E. (2017). Sürdürülebilirlik bağlamında sertifikasyon sistemlerinin tarihi çevrelerde yeniden değerlendirilmesi için bir yöntem önerisi: Berat ve Ergiri Evleri. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Trakya Üniversitesi.
  • Etike, B. A. (2022). Kamusal alanlarda sosyal sürdürülebilirliğin değerlendirilmesi için bir model önerisi Adana örneği. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Gedik, Y. (2020). Sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutlarla sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma. International Journal of Economics, Politics, Humanities & Social Sciences. 3(3): 196-215.
  • Govender, T., Barnes, J. M., & Pieper, C. H. (2011). Housing conditions, sanitation status and associated health risks in selected subsidized low-cost housing settlements in Cape Town, South Africa. Habitat International, 35, 335-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.11.001.
  • Hensley, M., Mateo-Babiano, D., Minnery, J., & Pojani, D. (2020). How diverging interests in public health and urban planning can lead to less healthy cities. Journal of Planning History, 19(2), 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513219873591.
  • Karuppannan, S., & Sivam, A. (2011). Social sustainability and neighbourhood design: an investigation of residents' satisfaction in Delhi. Local Environment, 16(9), 849-870, https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2011.607159
  • Kalyanasundaram J.R., Elangovan A.R., & Roy R. (2023). Psychosocial preparedness among homeless people: A study from an urban rehabilitation center in South India. J Family Med Prim Care,12, 62-66.
  • Kelkar, A. (2023). Governance policies for indian urban open spaces: An example of Mumbai city. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 11, 773—779. https://doi.org/10.1729/Journal.34447.
  • Kim, J., Leeuw, E., Harris-Roxas, B., & Sainsbury, P. (2022). Four urban health paradigms: The search for coherence. Cities, 128 (103806). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103806.
  • Kore, S.D., Kumar, R. V., Kumar Singh, A., Menon, S. & Pavalapriyan, B. (2022). Review of sustainable construction methodology for slum rehabilitation in India. 68-77.
  • McKenzie, S. (2004). Social sustainability: Towards some definitions. Hawke Research Institute Working Paper Series, University of South Australia.
  • Mishra, S. V., Gayen, A. & Haque, S. M. (2020). COVID-19 and urban vulnerability in India. Habitat International, 103 (102230). https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/habitat-international. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102230.
  • Morelli, J. (2011). Environmental sustainability: A definition for environmental professionals. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 1(1). 1-10. http://scholarworks.rit.edu/jes/vol1/iss1/2. https://doi.org/10.14448/jes.01.0002.
  • Mouratidis, K. (2019). Compact city, urban sprawl and subjective well-being. Cities, 92, 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.013.
  • Polése, M., & Stren, R. (1999). The social sustainability of cities: Diversity and the management of change. University of Toronto Press.
  • Reddy, T.L., Thomson, R. J. (2015). Environmental, social and economic sustainability: Implications for actuarial science. Presented to the Actuaries Institute ASTIN, AFIR/ERM and IACA Colloquia.
  • Sarkar, A., Bardhan, R. (2020). Socio-physical liveability through socio spatiality in low-income resettlement archetypes - A case of slum rehabilitation housing in Mumbai India. Cities, 105 (102840), https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102840.
  • Shah, S.D. (2023). Environmental etiquettes for sustainable urban development in India. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 17(3)-1, 29-36. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1703012936.
  • Sharma, D. C. (2015). India still struggles with rural doctor shortages. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01231-3.
  • Sheth, A.Z., Velaga, N.R. & Price, A.D.F. (2009). Slum rehabilitation in the context of urban sustainability: a case study of Mumbai, India. 2nd International Conference on Whole Life Urban Sustainability and Its Assessment, Loughborough, UK.
  • United Nations (2024). Sustainable development goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals. Erişim tarihi: 13.01.2024.
  • UN-Habitat & World Health Organization, (2020). Integrating health in urban and territorial planning: A sourcebook.
  • URL-1: https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/One-UN-for-HabitatIII.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 30.05.2024, 15:40.
  • URL-2: https://www.borlease.com.tr/blog/gezi-rehberi/dunyanin-en-kalabalik-ulkeleri. Erişim tarihi: 30.05.2024, 15:40.
  • URL-3: https://mumbaicity.gov.in/about-district. Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2023, 20:22.
  • URL-4: https://theprint.in/india/gov ernance/over-14-per-cent-villages-in-india-dont-have-schools-says-latest-data /170440. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024, 10:00.
  • URL-5: https://earth.google.com/web/search/Hindistan. Erişim tarihi 10.01.2024, 13:10.
  • URL-6: https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2015/04/Habitat-III-Issue-Papers-and-Policy-Units.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 30.05.2024, 13:45.
  • URL-7: https://unequalscenes.com/mumbai. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2024, 11:30
  • URL-8: https://mellonurbanism.harvard.edu/lallubhai-compound-govandi-east-deonar. Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2024, 21:32.
  • URL-9: https://scroll.in/article/1001284/in-mumbais-lallubhai-compound-children-film-how-the-monsoon-affects-their-resettlement-colony. Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2024, 12:10.
  • URL-10: https://earth.google.com/web/search/Lallubhai+Compound,+Govandi+East,+Mumbai,+Mahara%c5%9ftra,+Hindistan. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024, 20:45.
  • URL-11: http://www.enterpix.in/editorials/outsider/lallubhai-compound. Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2024, 20:15.
  • URL-12: https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/conditions/296455/beneath-the-tent-of-a-horizonless-sky. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2024, 12:30.
  • URL-13: https://communitydesignagency.com/projects/natwar-parekh-colony. Erişim tarihi: 13.01.2024, 20:30.
  • URL-14: https://earth.google.com/web/search/Natvar+Parekh+Compound,+Shivaji+Nagar,+Mumbai,+Mahara%c5%9ftra,+Hindistan. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024, 21:00
  • URL-15: https://mumbai.citizenmatters.in/mankhurd-exploring-complexcity-through-lallubhai-50132. Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2024, 15:10.
  • URL-16: https://thewire.in/health/how-mumbais-designed-for-death-buildings-are-manufacturing-tb-hotspots. Erişim tarihi: 14.01.2024, 14:08.
  • URL-17: https://www.who.int. Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2021, 20:00.

Mumbai’de Uygulanmış Projelerin Sosyal Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 305 - 326, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.26835/my.1421066

Öz

Sanayi devriminin sunmuş olduğu imkanlar neticesinde Dünya kentlerinde kırsalın itici gücü ve kentsel alanların çekiciliği ile nüfus hareketi hızlanmıştır. Nüfus hareketlerinin sonucunda artan nüfus kentsel alanlarda farklı yerleşim dokularının oluşmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu yerleşim dokuları genellikle plansız şekillenmiştir. Plansız yerleşimlerde yaşayanlar elektrik, kanalizasyon, temiz su ve sanitasyon gibi altyapı hizmetlerinden, barınma, ulaşım, güvenlik, istihdam, yeterli gıda, eğitim gibi sosyal ve mekânsal hizmetlerden mahrum kalmaktadır. Yeterli hizmetin sağlanamadığı toplumda ise sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel sorunlar oluşmaktadır. Birçok kent bu sorunlara cevap bulmak için sağlıklaştırma projelerini hayata geçirmektedirler. Toplumun sağlıklı kentlerde yaşayabilmesinin ve kentsel sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanmasının temel faktörü ancak sosyal sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması ile olabilmektedir. İnsanoğlunun, var olduğu süre boyunca, farklı ihtiyaçları doğacaktır ancak mutlu, refah, herkes için eşit eğitim, gelir, vergi ve sağlıklı yaşam hakkı her daim olacaktır. Bu nedenle mevcut yerleşimlerdeki sağlıklaştırma projelerinde sosyal sürdürülebilirlik faktörünün neden gerektiği ve bu faktörün nasıl sağlandığı bu çalışmanın temel problemini oluşturmaktadır.

Toplumun sağlıklı yaşam kalitesine erişebilmesi için sosyal, ekonomik, fiziksel ve çevresel parametrelerin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, belirtilen fiziksel, çevresel ve ekonomik boyutlardaki parametrelerde yaşanacak herhangi bir aksaklığın sonucunda bireyin ve toplumun sosyal boyutlarda etkilendiği vurgulanmaktadır. Sosyal sürdürülebilirliğin sağlandığı çevrelerdeki bireylerin daha mutlu olduğu savunulmaktadır. Çalışmanın kapsamında mevcut yerleşimlerde sağlıklaştırma uygulamasını deneyimlemiş olan Mumbai kentindeki iki farklı mahallede bulunan Lallubhai ve Natwar Parekh yerleşimleri örneklem alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Örneklem alanlarının yapılaşma koşulları, mekânsal özellikleri ile kullanım sürecindeki yerel halkın sosyal, fiziksel, çevresel, ekonomik koşulları literatür verileri doğrultusunda analiz edilmiştir. Analiz edilen örneklem alanları sürdürülebilirlik ve sosyal sürdürülebilirlik parametreleri bağlamında yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucu, ihtiyaçlar sebebiyle yeniden yapılaşması gereken mevcut yerleşimlerin sürdürülebilirlik ve sosyal sürdürülebilirlik bağlamındaki parametrelerle neden ve nasıl değerlendirilmesi gerektiği hususunda bilime önemli katkı sağlayacaktır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kurul iznine gerek yoktur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmadan gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Teşekkür

Teşekkürümüz bulunmamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Baffoe, G., Kintrea, K. (2023). Neighbourhood research in the global south: What do we know so far?. Cities, 132 (104077). https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104077.
  • Baroghi, F., Ribeiro, P. & Lourenço, J. M. (2018). Olympics impacts in Rio de Janeiro´s urban sustainability. Transylvanian XXVI, 30, 7758-7765.
  • Bramley, G., Dempsey, N., Power, S., Brown, C. & Watkins, D. (2009). Social sustainability and urban form: Evidence from five British cities. Environment and Planning A, 41, 2125 - 2142.
  • Butsch, C., Sakdapolrak, P., & Saravanan, V.S. (2012). Urban health in India. Internationales Asienforum, 43(1-2), 13-32.
  • Cardeman, R. G., Salgado, M. S. (2012). Sustainability in the process of urban planning: Case study in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 4th Cib in International Conference On Smart and Sustainable Built Environments.
  • Damidavičiūtė, A., Bankovacki, C. (2016). Urban regeneration in Rio de Janeio favelas during the olympic games of 2016. Master Thesis in Development and International Relations.
  • Deb, S., Okulicz-Kozaryn, A. (2023). Exploring the association of urbanisation and subjective well-being in India. Cities, 132 (104068). https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104068.
  • Debnath, R., Bardhan, R. & Sunikka-Blank, M. (2019). Discomfort and distress in slum rehabilitation: Investigating a rebound phenomenon using a backcasting approach. Habitat International, 87. 75–90. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/habitat-international. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.03.010.
  • Del Rio, V. (2013). Şehir merkezinden iç limana: Baltimore'un sürdürülebilir canlandırılması bölüm 2: İç liman planı (1967'den 2005'e). Focus 14, 62-76.
  • Doctors For You there To Care, Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai, MMR Environment Improvement Society (2018). Studying the association between structural factors and tuberculosis in the resettlement colonies in the M - East ward, Mumbai. Final Report.
  • Dullinja, E. (2017). Sürdürülebilirlik bağlamında sertifikasyon sistemlerinin tarihi çevrelerde yeniden değerlendirilmesi için bir yöntem önerisi: Berat ve Ergiri Evleri. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Trakya Üniversitesi.
  • Etike, B. A. (2022). Kamusal alanlarda sosyal sürdürülebilirliğin değerlendirilmesi için bir model önerisi Adana örneği. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Gedik, Y. (2020). Sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutlarla sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma. International Journal of Economics, Politics, Humanities & Social Sciences. 3(3): 196-215.
  • Govender, T., Barnes, J. M., & Pieper, C. H. (2011). Housing conditions, sanitation status and associated health risks in selected subsidized low-cost housing settlements in Cape Town, South Africa. Habitat International, 35, 335-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.11.001.
  • Hensley, M., Mateo-Babiano, D., Minnery, J., & Pojani, D. (2020). How diverging interests in public health and urban planning can lead to less healthy cities. Journal of Planning History, 19(2), 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513219873591.
  • Karuppannan, S., & Sivam, A. (2011). Social sustainability and neighbourhood design: an investigation of residents' satisfaction in Delhi. Local Environment, 16(9), 849-870, https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2011.607159
  • Kalyanasundaram J.R., Elangovan A.R., & Roy R. (2023). Psychosocial preparedness among homeless people: A study from an urban rehabilitation center in South India. J Family Med Prim Care,12, 62-66.
  • Kelkar, A. (2023). Governance policies for indian urban open spaces: An example of Mumbai city. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 11, 773—779. https://doi.org/10.1729/Journal.34447.
  • Kim, J., Leeuw, E., Harris-Roxas, B., & Sainsbury, P. (2022). Four urban health paradigms: The search for coherence. Cities, 128 (103806). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103806.
  • Kore, S.D., Kumar, R. V., Kumar Singh, A., Menon, S. & Pavalapriyan, B. (2022). Review of sustainable construction methodology for slum rehabilitation in India. 68-77.
  • McKenzie, S. (2004). Social sustainability: Towards some definitions. Hawke Research Institute Working Paper Series, University of South Australia.
  • Mishra, S. V., Gayen, A. & Haque, S. M. (2020). COVID-19 and urban vulnerability in India. Habitat International, 103 (102230). https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/habitat-international. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102230.
  • Morelli, J. (2011). Environmental sustainability: A definition for environmental professionals. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 1(1). 1-10. http://scholarworks.rit.edu/jes/vol1/iss1/2. https://doi.org/10.14448/jes.01.0002.
  • Mouratidis, K. (2019). Compact city, urban sprawl and subjective well-being. Cities, 92, 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.013.
  • Polése, M., & Stren, R. (1999). The social sustainability of cities: Diversity and the management of change. University of Toronto Press.
  • Reddy, T.L., Thomson, R. J. (2015). Environmental, social and economic sustainability: Implications for actuarial science. Presented to the Actuaries Institute ASTIN, AFIR/ERM and IACA Colloquia.
  • Sarkar, A., Bardhan, R. (2020). Socio-physical liveability through socio spatiality in low-income resettlement archetypes - A case of slum rehabilitation housing in Mumbai India. Cities, 105 (102840), https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102840.
  • Shah, S.D. (2023). Environmental etiquettes for sustainable urban development in India. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 17(3)-1, 29-36. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1703012936.
  • Sharma, D. C. (2015). India still struggles with rural doctor shortages. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01231-3.
  • Sheth, A.Z., Velaga, N.R. & Price, A.D.F. (2009). Slum rehabilitation in the context of urban sustainability: a case study of Mumbai, India. 2nd International Conference on Whole Life Urban Sustainability and Its Assessment, Loughborough, UK.
  • United Nations (2024). Sustainable development goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals. Erişim tarihi: 13.01.2024.
  • UN-Habitat & World Health Organization, (2020). Integrating health in urban and territorial planning: A sourcebook.
  • URL-1: https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/One-UN-for-HabitatIII.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 30.05.2024, 15:40.
  • URL-2: https://www.borlease.com.tr/blog/gezi-rehberi/dunyanin-en-kalabalik-ulkeleri. Erişim tarihi: 30.05.2024, 15:40.
  • URL-3: https://mumbaicity.gov.in/about-district. Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2023, 20:22.
  • URL-4: https://theprint.in/india/gov ernance/over-14-per-cent-villages-in-india-dont-have-schools-says-latest-data /170440. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024, 10:00.
  • URL-5: https://earth.google.com/web/search/Hindistan. Erişim tarihi 10.01.2024, 13:10.
  • URL-6: https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2015/04/Habitat-III-Issue-Papers-and-Policy-Units.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 30.05.2024, 13:45.
  • URL-7: https://unequalscenes.com/mumbai. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2024, 11:30
  • URL-8: https://mellonurbanism.harvard.edu/lallubhai-compound-govandi-east-deonar. Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2024, 21:32.
  • URL-9: https://scroll.in/article/1001284/in-mumbais-lallubhai-compound-children-film-how-the-monsoon-affects-their-resettlement-colony. Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2024, 12:10.
  • URL-10: https://earth.google.com/web/search/Lallubhai+Compound,+Govandi+East,+Mumbai,+Mahara%c5%9ftra,+Hindistan. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024, 20:45.
  • URL-11: http://www.enterpix.in/editorials/outsider/lallubhai-compound. Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2024, 20:15.
  • URL-12: https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/conditions/296455/beneath-the-tent-of-a-horizonless-sky. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2024, 12:30.
  • URL-13: https://communitydesignagency.com/projects/natwar-parekh-colony. Erişim tarihi: 13.01.2024, 20:30.
  • URL-14: https://earth.google.com/web/search/Natvar+Parekh+Compound,+Shivaji+Nagar,+Mumbai,+Mahara%c5%9ftra,+Hindistan. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2024, 21:00
  • URL-15: https://mumbai.citizenmatters.in/mankhurd-exploring-complexcity-through-lallubhai-50132. Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2024, 15:10.
  • URL-16: https://thewire.in/health/how-mumbais-designed-for-death-buildings-are-manufacturing-tb-hotspots. Erişim tarihi: 14.01.2024, 14:08.
  • URL-17: https://www.who.int. Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2021, 20:00.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mimari Tasarım, Sürdürülebilir Mimari
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Aysin Aysu 0000-0002-1832-5036

Nazlı Ferah Akıncı 0000-0002-3628-3132

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aysu, A., & Akıncı, N. F. (2024). Mumbai’de Uygulanmış Projelerin Sosyal Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından İncelenmesi. Mimarlık Ve Yaşam, 9(2), 305-326. https://doi.org/10.26835/my.1421066

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