Dolaşan Metaforlar, Dokunan Dünyalar: İç Asya ve Hindistan’dan Osmanlı Avrupa’sına İkonlar, Buda Putları ve Demon-İlahlar

Öz

Bu makale, İslam dünyası boyunca gezinen temel metaforların ve Wanderwörter’nın [seyyah kelimeler] göçünü izlemekte; Budist, Maniheist ve Brahmanik yaşam dünyalarına kök salmış terimlerin, Persianate poetikada ve onun Osmanlı’daki devamında nasıl yeniden tahayyül edildiğinin izini sürmektedir. Çin Buda-putu, Sanskritçe maṇḍala ve Farsça dīv gibi figürler, daha geniş bir örgüyü gözler önüne serer: İç Asya ve Hindistan’dan gelen somut göndergeler, orijinal dinî-felsefî bağlamlarından soyutlanarak İslami edebî çerçeveye yeniden yerleştirilmiş; kimi zaman değer bakımından tersyüz edilmiş, kimi zaman da yeni semantik katmanlarla zenginleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın merkezinde, İslam öncesi kökenlerinden, başlayarak Türk-Fars şiirinde “Çin’in ikon galerisi” olarak yeniden doğuşuna ve nihayet yirminci yüzyıl Osmanlı İstanbul’unda felsefî tasavvuf diline dâhil oluşuna kadar izlenen Farsça nigâr (ikon) kavramı bulunmaktadır. Bu makale, hareket halindeki bu tür metaforların izini sürerek, pasif bir senkretizm değil aktif bir temellük süreci olarak işleyen, şairler ve sûfîlerin yabancı imgeleri yeni estetik, metafizik ve siyasî amaçlara uyarladığı, böylece Persianate poetikayı tanımlayan uyarlanabilirlik ve çok yönlülüğün altını çizen bütünleşik bir edebî dünyayı açığa çıkarmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Persianate poetika
• adab
• ikonografi
• Osmanlı edebî kültürü
• Hint-Fars karşılaşmaları

Wandering Metaphors, Woven Worlds: Icons, Buddha-Idols and Demon-Deities from Inner Asia and India to Ottoman Europe

Öz

This article traces the migration of key metaphors and Wanderwörter across the Islamicate world, examining how terms rooted in Buddhist, Manichaean, and Brahmanical lifeworlds were reimagined in Persianate poetics and their Ottoman afterlives. Figures such as the Chinese Buddha-idol, the Sanskrit maṇḍala, and the Persian dīv illustrate a larger pattern: concrete referents from Inner Asia and India were divested of their original religio- philosophical associations and reconfigured within an expansive Islamic literary framework, often inverted in value or enriched with new semantic layers. At the centre of this study is the Persian nigār, or icon, traced from its pre-Islamic origins through its reincarnation in Turco- Persian verse as the “icon gallery of China,” to its subsumption into the language of philosophical Sufism in twentieth-century Ottoman Istanbul. By following such metaphors in motion, this article reveals an integrated literary world not passively syncretic but actively appropriative, in which poets and mystics adapted foreign imagery to new aesthetic, metaphysical, and political ends, underscoring the adaptability and versatility that so came to define Persianate poetics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Persianate poetics
• adab
• iconography
• Ottoman literary culture
• Indo-Persian encounters

Kaynakça

1. Amin, Shahid. Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura, 1922–1992. University of California Press, 1995.
2. Asadī Ṭūsī. Lughat-i Furs. Edited by Muḥammad Dabīristānī. Kitābkhāna-yi Ẓuhūrī, 1977.
3. Avnî [Fatih Sultan Mehmed]. Dîvân. Edited by Muhammed Nur Doğan. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, n.d.
4. ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn. Asrār-nāma. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbbāsī. Markaz-i Kitābfurūshī-yi Fakhr- i Rāzī, 1984.
5. ———. Manṭiq al-Ṭayr. Edited by Fāṭima Ṣanʿatī-nīyā and Kāmil Aḥmadnizhād. Zuwwār, 1993.
6. ———. The Conference of the Birds. Translated by Dick Davis. Penguin Classics, 2011.
7. Bādshāh, Muḥammad ibn Ghulām Muḥyī al-Dīn. Farhang-i Ānandrāj. Vol. 3. Nawal Kishore, 1892.
8. Brāhman, Chandar Bhān. Chahār Chaman. Edited by Muḥammad Yūnus Jaʿfarī. Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt-i Fārsī-i Rāyzanī-yi Farhangī-i Jumhūrī-yi Islāmī-i Īrān, 2007.

9. Çetin, Engin. Altun Yaruk: Yedinci Kitap. Karahan Kitabevi, 2012.
10. Cherian, Divya. Merchants of Virtue: Hindus, Muslims, and Untouchables in Eighteenth-Century South Asia. University of California Press, 2022.
11. Chishtī, Allāhdiyā. Khvājagān-i Chisht, Siyar al-Aqṭāb. Edited by Muḥammad Sarvar Mawlāʾī. Nashr-i ʿIlm, 2007.
12. Clauson, Gerard. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford University Press, 1972.
13. Damrosch, David. “Scriptworlds: Writing Systems and the Formation of World Literature.” Modern Language Quarterly 68, no. 2 (June 2007).
14. Dankoff, Robert. “Kāšġarī on the Beliefs and Superstitions of the Turks.” In From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi: Studies in Middle Turkic and Ottoman Literatures. Gorgias Press, 2009.
15. ———. “Qarakhanid Literature and the Beginnings of Turco-Islamic Culture.” In From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi: Studies in Middle Turkic and Ottoman Literatures. Gorgias Press, 2009.
16. Davis, Dick. “Religion in the ‘Shahnameh.’” Iranian Studies 48, no. 3 (May 2015).
17. Dawlatābādī, Hūshang. “Sawdā-yi Gushūdan-i Māzandarān.” Āyanda 15, nos. 3–5 (1989).
18. Dihlawī, Amīr Khusraw. Khazā’in al-Futūḥ: A Short History of the Reign of Sultan Alā’uddīn Khaljī from the Date of His Accession up to the Year 711 H. Edited by Mohammad Wahid Mirza. National Book Foundation of Pakistan, 1976.
19. ———. The Campaigns of Alā’u’d-dīn Khiljī, being Hazrat Amīr Khusrau’s Khazā’inul Futūḥ (Treasures of Victory). Edited and translated by Muhammad Habib. D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., 1931.
20. Elverskog, Johan. Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
21. Firdawsī, Abū al-Qāsim. Shāhnāma. Vol. 6. Edited by Jalāl Khāliqī-Muṭlaq. Bunyād-i Mīrās̲ -i Īrān, 2005.
22. ———. Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings. Translated by Dick Davis. Penguin Classics, 2016.
23. ———. The Epic of Kings: Shāh-Nāma. Translated by Reuben Levy. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985.
24. Gālib, Şeyh. Dîvânı. Edited by Naci Okçu. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, n.d.
25. Ghiyās al-Dīn, Muḥammad. Ghiyās al-Lughāt. Rizāqī, 1905.
26. Gökbilgin, Tayyip. “Edirne.” In İslâm Ansiklopedisi: İslâm Âlemi Tarih, Coğrafya, Etnografya ve Biyografya Lûgati, vol. 4. Millî Eğitim Basımevi, 1948.
27. Granara, William. Ibn Hamdis the Sicilian: Eulogist for a Falling Homeland. Brill, 2021.
28. Gul, Zakir. “Persian Idiom, Ottoman Meanings: Introducing Kemālpaşazāde’s Nigāristān.” Diyâr: Journal of Ottoman, Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies 5, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.5771/2625-9842-2024-2-212
29. Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna. Mani’s Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China. Brill, 2015.
30. Ḥāfiẓ. Dīvān. Edited by Ḥusayn-ʿAlī Yūsufī. Rūzgār, 2002.
31. Hamadhānī, Badīʿ al-Zamān al-. Maqāmāt Abī al-Faḍl Badīʿ al-Zamān al-Hamadhānī. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbduh. al-Maktaba al-Kāthūlīkīyya, 1908.
32. Ḥamawī, Yāqūt al-. Muʿjam al-Buldān (Geographisches Wörterbuch). Vol. 4. Edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld. F. A. Brockhaus, 1869.
33. Ḥamdānī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAqīl al-. Sharḥ Ibn ʿAqīl ʿalā Alfīyya Ibn Mālik. Vol. 1. Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1998.
34. Herrenschmidt, Clarisse, and Jean Kellens. “DAIVA.” Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. VI, fasc. 6 (1993; last updated August 7, 2015), 599–602. Accessed via iranicaonline.org
35. Iʿtiṣām al-Dīn, Mīrzā. Wonders of Vilayet. Translated by Kaiser Haq. Peepal Tree, 2002.
36. Karev, Yury. “Qarakhanid Wall Paintings in the Citadel of Samarqand: First Report and Preliminary Observations.” Muqarnas 22 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1163/22118993_02201004
37. Kia, Mana. Persianate Selves: Memories of Place and Origin before Nationalism. Stanford University Press, 2020.
38. Kisāʾī Marvazī. Dīvān. Edited by Muḥammad-Bāqir Najafzāda Bārfurūsh. Zuwwār, 2017.
39. Kruk, Remke. “Sharaf az-Zamān Ṭāhir Marwazī (fl. ca. 10th cent. A.D.) on Zoroaster, Mānī, Mazdak, and Other Pseudo-Prophets.” Persica 17 (2001).
40. Lane, Edward. An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. John Murray, 1860.
41. Leclère, Basile. “Ambivalent Representations of Muslims in Medieval Indian Theatre.” Studies in History 27, no. 2 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/0257643012459415
42. Lin, Chia-Wei. “Scriptio Buddhica, Interpretatio Islamica: Buddhist Sūtras Translated in Rašīd Al- Dīn’s Ǧāmiʿ Al-Tawārīḫ (Beyond Comparison, IDK Philologie, LMU München, 14– 16.06.2023)." Academia.edu presentation. Accessed June 15, 2025.
43. Muʿizzī Nīshābūrī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Malik. Dīvān-i Muʿizzī. Edited by ʿAbbās Iqbāl. Kitābfurūshī-yi Islāmiyya, 1939.
44. Najmabadi, Seyfeddin, and Siegfried Weber, editors. Muǧmal at-tawārīḫ wa-l-qiṣaṣ: Eine persische Weltgeschichte aus dem 12. Jahrhundert nach den Hss. Heidelberg, Berlin, Dublin und Paris. Deux Mondes, 2000.
45. Navāʾī, Mīr ʿAlī Shīr. Nasāʾim al-Maḥabba. Supplément turc 316, Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gallica). https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc346630
46. Onay, Ahmet Talât. Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar ve İzahı. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 1993.
47. Orsini, Francesca. “The Multilingual Local in World Literature.” Comparative Literature 67, no. 4 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1215/00104124-3327481
48. Pollock, Sheldon. “Rāmāyaṇan and Political Imagination in India.” The Journal of Asian Studies 52, no. 2 (1993). https://doi.org/10.2307/2059648
49. Redhouse, James William. A Turkish and English Lexicon: Shewing in English the Significations of the Turkish Terms. American Mission, 1890.
50. Regourd, Anne. “A Twentieth-Century Manuscript of the Kitāb al-Mandal al-Sulaymānī (IES Ar. 286, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia): Texts on Practices & Texts in Practices.” In Amulets and Talismans of the Middle East and North Africa in Context, edited by Marcela A. Garcia Probert and Petra M. Sijpesteijn, Leiden Studies in Islam and Society 13. Brill, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004471481_004
51. Rehman, Abdur. The Last Two Dynasties of the Shahis: An Analysis of Their History, Archaeology, Coinage and Palaeography. PhD diss., Australian National University, 1976.
52. Riżāzāda Malik, Raḥīm. “Dībācha-yi Shāhnāma-yi Abū Manṣūrī.” Faslnāma-yi Nāma-yi Anjuman 13, no. 1 (2004).
53. Salmān, Masʿūd Saʿd. Dīvān. Edited by Nāṣir Ḥīyārī. Intishārāt-i Gulshāʾī, 1983.
54. Sayyidī, Mahdī. Farhang-i Jughrafiyā-yi Tārīkhī-yi Shāhnāma. Nashra-yi Nay, 2020.
55. Saʿdī. The Gulistan (Rose Garden) of Saʿdi: Bilingual English and Persian Edition with Vocabulary. Translated by Wheeler M. Thackston. Ibex Publishers, 2017.
56. Şentürk, Ahmet Atillâ. Osmanlı Şiiri Kılavuzu. Vol. 2. Osmanlı Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Merkezi, 2016.
57. Steingass, Francis Joseph. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, Including the Arabic Words and Phrases to Be Met with in Persian Literature. Routledge & K. Paul, 1892.
58. Stroebel, William. Literature’s Refuge: Rewriting the Mediterranean Borderscape. Princeton University Press, 2025.
59. Sūdī-i Bosnevī. Gülistān Şerhi. Edited by Ozan Yılmaz. Çamlıca, 2012.
60. ———. Şerh-i Dīvān-ı Hāfız (Sûdî’nin Hāfız Dīvānı Şerhi). Vol. 1. Edited by İbrahim Kaya. Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2020.
61. Şuʿūrī Ḥasan Efendī. Lisān al-ʿAcem (Farhang-i Şuʿūrī). Edited by Ozan Yılmaz. Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2019.
62. Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn ibn Khalaf. Burhān-i Qāṭiʿ. Edited by Muḥammad Muʿīn. Vol. 4. Amīr Kabīr, 1982.
63. Tabrīzī, Qaṭrān. Dīvān. Edited by Muḥammad Nakhjavānī. Shafaq-i Tabrīz, 1954.
64. Talbot, Cynthia. “A Poetic Record of the Rajput Rebellion, c. 1680.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 3 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1017/S135618631800007X
65. Tezcan, Semih, and Abdurishid Yakub. “A Chagatai Turkic Text on the Life of Mani.” Study on the Inner Asian Languages 14 (1999).
66. Thackston, Wheeler M. “Preface to the Bahram Mirza Album.” In Album Prefaces and Other Documents on the History of Calligraphers and Painters, edited by Wheeler M. Thackston, Muqarnas Supplement 10. Brill, 2001.
67. Thapar, Romila. Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History. Verso, 2005.
68. Tokyürek, Hacer. “Budist Uygur Metinlerinde Mandal Kılmak Töreni Üzerine.” Journal of Turkology 28, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.437790
69. Weis, Friederike. “How the Persian Qalam Caused the Chinese Brush to Break: The Bahram Mirza Album Revisited.” Muqarnas Online 37, no. 1 (2020).
70. Yüknekī, Edīb Aḥmed. Atebetü’l-Hakâyık. Edited by Serkan Çakmak. Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2019.
71. Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib. Kutadgu Bilig. Edited by Reşid Rahmeti Arat. Millî Eğitim Basımevi, 1947.
72. Zadeh, Travis. Wonders and Rarities: The Marvelous Book That Traveled the World and Mapped the Cosmos. Harvard University Press, 2023.
73. Zargar, Cyrus Ali. Religion of Love: Sufism and Self-Transformation in the Poetic Imagination of ʿAṭṭār. State University of New York Press, 2025.
74. Zarshenas, Zohreh. “The Double Sense of Sogdian δyw.” In Turfan Revisited: The First Century of Research into the Arts and Cultures of the Silk Road, edited by Desmond Durkin- Meisterernst, Simone-Christiane Raschmann, Jens Wilkens, Marianne Yaldiz, and Peter Zieme. Reimer, 2004.