HİPNOZUN DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANIMI: BİR DERLEME

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 34 - 41, 31.12.2019

İrem Sezen Bozkurt Kubilay Işık Dilek Menziletoğlu

Öz

Hipnoz toplumda oldukça yanlış bilinen bir fenomendir. Çoğunlukla derin bir uyku hali zannedilmekte ve insanların istekleri dışında etki altına alınabileceğine inanılmaktadır. Aslında hipnoz odaklanmış bir zihin, çevresel uyaranlara karşı ilginin azalması ve verilen telkinlere karşı yanıt verme kabiliyetinin artışı ile karakterize bir bilinç halidir.

Hipnoz tıbbi amaçlarla yüzyıllardır uygulanmaktadır. Daha çok korku, anksiyete ve depresyon tedavisinde başvurulsa da astım, kronik ağrı, obezite, enürezi ve tırnak yeme, parmak emme gibi çok farklı sorunların tedavisinde de hipnozdan yararlanılmıştır.

Hipnozun diş hekimliğinde de bir çok kullanım alanı vardır. Dental anksiyete ve korku azaltılabilir, bruksizm tedavi edilebilir ve dental işlemler sırasında tükürük akışının kontrolü sağlanabilir. Uygun vakalarda lokal anestezi dozu azaltılabilir hatta bazen tek başına hipnoz ile anestezi ve analjezi elde edilebilir. Öğürme refleksini baskılamak, protetik ve ortodontik apareylere tolerasyonu arttırmak, parmak emme, yanlış yutkunma gibi alışkanlıkların çözümüne yönelik uygulamalar da hipnozun başarılı bulunduğu alanlardır.

Fakat hipnoz sihirli bir yöntem gibi görülmemeli ve bir diş hekimi kendi uzmanlık alanı dışında kalan sorunları çözmek için hipnoz uygulamaya çalışmamalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hipnoz, hipnodonti, medikal hipnoz

THE USE OF HYPNOSIS IN DENTISTRY: A REVIEW

Öz

Hypnosis is a quite misunderstood phenomenon in the society. Usually it is imagined as a deep state of sleep and it has been believed that people can be hypnotized without their consent. In reality, hypnosis is a state of consciousness that characterized by focused mind, decreased interest in peripheral stimuli and increased responsiveness to the suggestions given.

Hypnosis has widely been used in medical purposes for centuries. Although it is mostly applied in the treatment of fear, anxiety and depression, it is useful in the management of different problems such as asthma, chronic pain, obesity, enuresis, nail biting and thumb sucking as well.

Hypnosis has many uses also in dentistry. Anxiety and fear can be reduced, bruxism can be managed, and flow of the saliva can be controlled during the dental procedures. In selected cases, amount of the local anesthetics used can be decreased, and even anesthesia or analgesia can be obtained by hypnosis alone. Inhibiting the gagging reflex, enhancing tolerance to prosthetic and orthodontic appliances and solving destructive habits like thumb sucking and tongue thrust are other areas in which hypnosis has been found to be successful.

However, hypnosis should not be seen as magic and a dentist should not attempt to solve a problem outside his profession by using hypnosis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hypnosis, hypnodontics, medical hypnosis

Kaynakça

• 1. Worcester, E., McComb, S., & Coriat, I. H. (1908). The nature of hypnotism. In E. Worcester, S. McComb, & I. H. Coriat, Religion And Medicine: The Moral Control Of Nervous Disorders (pp. 218-233). New York, NY, US: Moffat, Yard & Company.
• 2. Williamson A. (2019). What is hypnosis and how might it work? Palliat Care. 12: 1178224219826581 doi: 10.1177/1178224219826581
• 3. Kohen DP, Olness KN, Colwell SO, Heimel A. (1984). The use of relaxation-mental imagery (self-hypnosis) in the management of 505 pediatric behavioral encounters. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 5(1): 21-25.
• 4. Li X, Ma R, Pang L, et al. (2017) Delta coherence in resting-state EEG predicts the reduction in cigarette craving after hypnotic aversion suggestions. Scientific Reports. 7(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01373-4
• 5. Thompson T, Terhune DB, Oram C, et al. (2019) The effectiveness of hypnosis for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 85 controlled experimental trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 99: 298-310. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.013
• 6. Scott G. (1994) Hypnosis in the treatment of dental phobia. Aust J Clin Exp Hypn. 22: 65–71. doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S63626
• 7. Köroğlu D, Durkan Y. (2010) Di̇ş Heki̇mli̇ği̇ uygulamalarında karşılaşılan dental anksi̇yete sendromunun eti̇yoloji̇si̇ni̇n ve tedavi̇ yöntemleri̇ni̇n değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2010(3): 205-212.
• 8. Ollendick TH, Yang B, King NJ, Dong Q, Akande A. (1996) Fears in American, Australian, Chinese, and Nigerian Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Cultural Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 37(2): 213-220. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01393.x
• 9. Locker D. (2003) Psychosocial consequences of dental fear and anxiety. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 31(2): 144-151. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0528.2003.00028.x
• 10. Berggren U, Meynert G. (1984) Dental fear and avoidance: causes, symptoms, and consequences. J Am Dent Assoc. 109(2): 247-251. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1984.0328
• 11. Brahm C-O, Lundgren J, Carlsson SG, Nilsson P, Hultqvist J, Hägglin C. (2013) Dentists’ skills with fearful patients: education and treatment. Eur J Oral Sci. 121(3pt2): 283-291. doi: 10.1111/eos.12017
• 12. Platt LM, Whitburn AI, Platt-Koch AG, Koch RL. (2016) Nonpharmacological Alternatives to Benzodiazepine Drugs for the Treatment of Anxiety in Outpatient Populations: A Literature Review. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 54(8): 35-42. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20160725-07
• 13. Yonkers KA, Gilstad-Hayden K, Forray A, Lipkind HS. (2017) Association of Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Benzodiazepine Treatment During Pregnancy With Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 74(11): 1145-1152. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2733
• 14. Eitner S, Schultze-Mosgau S, Heckmann J, Wichmann M, Holst S. (2006) Changes in neurophysiologic parameters in a patient with dental anxiety by hypnosis during surgical treatment. J Oral Rehabil. 33(7): 496-500. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2005.01578.x
• 15. Demjaha G, Kapusevska B, Pejkovska-Shahpaska B. (2019) Bruxism Unconscious Oral Habit in Everyday Life. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 14; 7(5): 876-881. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.196.
• 16. Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Glaros AG, et al. (2013) Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus. J Oral Rehabil. 40(1): 2-4. doi: 10.1111/joor.12011
• 17. Lavigne GJ, Khoury S, Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Raphael K. (2008) Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for clinicians. J Oral Rehabil. 35(7): 476-494. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2008.01881.x
• 18. Kawakami S, Kumazaki Y, Manda Y, Oki K, Minagi S. (2014) Specific Diurnal EMG Activity Pattern Observed in Occlusal Collapse Patients: Relationship between Diurnal Bruxism and Tooth Loss Progression. PLoS ONE. 9(7): e101882. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101882
• 19. Goldstein RE, Curtis JW, Farley BA, Molodtsova D. (2018) Oral Habits. Ronald E Goldstein’s Esthetics in Dentistry. 809-839. doi: 10.1002/9781119272946.ch25
• 20. Glares AG, Rao SM. (1977) Effects of bruxism: A review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent. 38(2): 149-157. doi: 10.1016/0022-3913(77)90280-3
• 21. Goldstein RE, Auclair Clark W. (2017) The clinical management of awake bruxism. J Am Dent Assoc. 148(6): 387-391. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2017.03.005
• 22. Clark JH. (1997) The role of hypnosis in treating bruxism. In: Hypnosis in Dentistry. Hypnosis International Monographs No.3. Germany: M.E.G. Stiftung, pp.79-85.
• 23. Simon EP, Lewis DM. (2000) Medical hypnosis for temporomandibular disorders: treatment efficacy and medical utilization outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 90(1): 54-63. doi: 10.1067/moe.2000.106692
• 24. Meeker HG, Magalee R. (1986) The conservative management of the gag reflex in full denture patients. N Y State Dent J. 52(4):11-14.
• 25. Kovats JJ. (1971) Clinical evaluation of the gagging denture patient. J Prosthet Dent. 25(6): 613-619. doi: 10.1016/0022-3913(71)90123-5
• 26. Kramer RB, Braham RL. (1977) The management of the chronic or hysterical gagger. ASDC J Dent Child. 44(2): 111-116.
• 27. MacGregor AR, Watt ME, Brown J. (1984) Vertical dimension in edentulous patients. J Dent. 12(4): 287-296. doi: 10.1016/0300-5712(84)90085-x
• 28. Conny DJ, Tedesco LA. (1983) The gagging problem in prosthodontic treatment. Part II: Patient management. J Prosthet Dent. 49(6): 757-761. doi: 10.1016/0022-3913(83)90343-8
• 29. Bassi GS, Humphris GM, Longman LP. (2004) The etiology and management of gagging: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent. 91(5): 459-467 doi: 10.1016/S0022391304000939
• 30. Wilks CG. (1994) “The use of hypnosis in the management of ‘gagging’ and intolerance to dentures.” Br Dent J. 176(9): 332. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4808445
• 31. Clarke JH, Henry Clarke J, Persichetti SJ. (1988) Hypnosis and Concurrent Denture Construction for a Patient with a Hypersensitive Gag Reflex. Am J Clin Hypn. 30(4): 285-288. doi:10.1080/00029157.1988.10402751
• 32. Noble S. (2002) The Management of Blood Phobia and A Hypersensitive Gag Reflex by Hypnotherapy: A Case Report. Dental Update. 29(2): 70-74. doi: 10.12968/denu.2002.29.2.70
• 33. Facco E, Pasquali S, Zanette G, Casiglia E. (2013) Hypnosis as sole anaesthesia for skin tumour removal in a patient with multiple chemical sensitivity. Anaesthesia. 68(9): 961-965. doi: 10.1111/anae.12251
• 34. Hammond DC. Hypnosis as sole anesthesia for major surgeries: historical & contemporary perspectives. Am J Clin Hypn. 51(2): 101-121. doi: 10.1080/00029157.2008.10401653
• 35. Abdeshahi SK, Hashemipour MA, Mesgarzadeh V, Shahidi Payam A, Halaj Monfared A. (2013) Effect of hypnosis on induction of local anaesthesia, pain perception, control of haemorrhage and anxiety during extraction of third molars: a case-control study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 41(4): 310-315. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2012.10.009
• 36. Facco E. (2016) Hypnosis and anesthesia: back to the future. Minerva Anestesiol. 82(12): 1343-1356.
• 37. Berg E. (1993) Acceptance of full dentures. Int Dent J. 43(3 Suppl 1): 299-306.
• 38. Allen PF, McMillan AS. (2003) A review of the functional and psychosocial outcomes of edentulousness treated with complete replacement dentures. J Can Dent Assoc. 69(10): 662.
• 39. Jacobson BS. (1968) Hypnosis in fixed partial prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent. 19(4): 406-409.
• 40. Kazancı F, Aydoğan C, Alkan Ö. (2016) Patients’ and parents' concerns and decisions about orthodontic treatment. Korean J Orthod. 46(1): 20-26.
• 41. Trakyali G, Sayinsu K, Muezzinoglu AE, Arun T. (2008) Conscious hypnosis as a method for patient motivation in cervical headgear wear--a pilot study. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 30(2): 147-152. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjm120
• 42. Simonnet Garcia M-H. (2014) [Contributions of medical hypnosis to orthodontic treatment]. Orthod Fr. 85(3): 287-297. doi: 10.1051/orthodfr/2014015
• 43. Pailler E. (2019) Hypnosis and orthodontic treatments. Orthod Fr. 90(1): 29-36. doi: 10.1051/orthodfr/2019005
• 44. Roberts K. (2006) Hypnosis in Dentistry. Dental Update. 33(5): 312-314. doi:10.12968/denu.2006.33.5.312 doi: 10.12968/denu.2006.33.5.312
• 45. Lucas ON. (1975) The use of hypnosis in hemophilia dental care. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 240: 263-266. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb53358.x
• 46. Hoirisch-Clapauch S.(2018) Anxiety-Related Bleeding and Thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 44(7): 656-661. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1639501.