Araştırma Makalesi
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Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 475 - 487, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2026.107

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to map the hospital's indoor air quality data using GIS.
Material and methods: This study is a descriptive study that includes indoor air quality data of a medical faculty hospital. GIS technology was used in the analysis.
Results: In summer, indoor air quality PM10 values of the hospital performed in the basement floor of the hospital include gastroenterology polyclinic; gynecology and obstetrics polyclinic on the ground floor; eye polyclinic secretariat, cardiology polyclinic, gynecology and obstetrics entrance areas on the first floor: in autumn, basement floor of the hospital include endoscopy and kidney stone crushing unit; brain and nerve surgery polyclinic on the ground floor; cardiology polyclinic, eye polyclinic secretariat, X-ray, ear nose and throat polyclinic secretariat areas on the first floor: in winter, basement floor of the hospital include gastroenterology polyclinic, endocrinology and metabolic diseases outpatient clinic, plastic reconstructive and aesthetic surgery polyclinic, endoscopy and kidney stone crushing unit; brain and nerve surgery polyclinic on the ground floor; eye polyclinic secretariat, ear nose and throat polyclinic secretariat, cardiology polyclinic, gynecology and obstetrics entrance areas on the first floor: in the spring, the PM value increases in the endoscopy and kidney stone crushing unit on the basement floor; pregnant polyclinic, brain and nerve surgery polyclinic on the ground floor; the ear nose and throat polyclinic secretariat areas on the first floor.
Conclusion: It was observed that a few of the indoor air quality parameters in the hospital did not comply with the standards.

Etik Beyan

Necmettin Erbakan University Drug and Non-Medical Device Research Ethics Committee's approval was obtained on September 15, 2023, decision no: 2023/4525. Later, due to the addition, subtraction and title change of researchers, ethics committee approval was obtained from Necmettin Erbakan University Pharmaceutical and Non-Medical Device Research Ethics Committee on July 19, 2024, decision no: 2024/5120.

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Proje Numarası

None

Teşekkür

Particle Counter PCE-PCO1 (particulate matter meter measuring device) was provided by Prof. Dr. Şükrü DURSUN, Lecturer of Environmental Engineering at Konya Technical University and we would like to thank him.

Kaynakça

  • WHO. Household air pollution. (2024a). https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • D.Y.C. Leung, Outdoor-indoor air pollution in urban environment: challenges and opportunity, Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2 (2015). doi:10.3389/fenvs.2014.00069
  • EPA. Indoor particulate matter. (2025a). https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-particulate-matter (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • WHO. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. (2024b). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • Hava Kalitesi İndeksi. https://egethm.csb.gov.tr/hava-kalitesi-indeksi-i-87403 (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • J.A. Leech, W.C. Nelson, R.T. Burnett, S. Aaron, M.E. Raizenne, It’s about time: A comparison of Canadian and American time–activity patterns, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 12 (2002), 427–432. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500244
  • C.C. Lin, C.C. Chiu, P.Y. Lee, K.J. Chen, C.X. He, S.K. Hsu, K.C. Cheng. The adverse effects of air pollution on the eye: a review, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (2022), 1186. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031186
  • I. Annesi-Maesano, N. Baïz, S. Banerjee, P. Rdnai. Indoor air quality and sources in schools and related health effects, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews. 16 (2013), 491-550.
  • M. Szabados, R. Kakucs, A. Páldy, B. Kotlík, H. Kazmarová, A. Dongiovanni, A. Di Maggio, A. Kozajda, A. Jutraz, A. Kukec, P. T. Szigeti. Otorepec, Association of parent-reported health symptoms with indoor air quality in primary school buildings – the in airQ study, Building and Environment. 221 (2022), 109339. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109339
  • G.E. Tietjen, J. Khubchandani, S. Ghosh, S. Bhattacharjee, J. Kleinfelder. Headache symptoms and indoor environmental parameters: results from the EPA BASE study, Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 15 (2012), 95-99. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.100029
  • T. Haksevenler. İstanbul’da Farklı İç Ortamlarda Hava Kalitesinin Belirlenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, 2010.
  • H.S. Abdulaali, I.M.S. Usman, M. Alawi, S. Alqawzai, Research on guest comfort and satisfaction with indoor environmental quality in former GBI-certified green hotels: a study case from Malaysia, Frontiers in Built Environment. 11 (2025). doi:10.3389/fbuil.2025.1544177
  • S. Raju, T. Siddharthan, M.C. McCormack, Indoor air pollution and respiratory health, Clinics in Chest Medicine. 41 (2020), 825–843. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2020.08.014
  • N. Ndlovu, B. Nkeh-Chungag, Impact of indoor air pollutants on the cardiovascular health outcomes of older Adults: Systematic review, Clinical Interventions in Aging. 19 (2024), 1629–1639. doi:10.2147/cia.s480054
  • K.C. Chen, S.W. Tsai, R.H. Shie, C. Zeng, H.Y. Yang. Indoor air pollution increases the risk of lung cancer, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (2022), 1164. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031164
  • EPA. Indoor air pollution and health. (2025b). https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/introduction-indoor-air-quality (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • E. Kalıpçı, V. Başer. Coğrafi bilgi sistemi (CBS) ve hava kalitesi verileri kullanılarak Türkiye’nin hava kirliliğinin değerlendirilmesi, Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 9 (2019), 377-389. doi:10.31466/kfbd.645698
  • S.S. Durduran, A. Erdi, F. Kara, Y. Durduran. Cografi bilgi sistemi yardımıyla hava kirliliği haritasının olusturulması ve sağlığa olumsuz etkileri: Konya örneği, in: 4th. International Advanced Technologies Symposium, Konya, Türkiye, 2005.
  • K.O. Demirarslan, H. Akıncı. CBS ve hava kalitesi verileri kullanılarak Marmara bölgesinin kış sezonunda hava kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi. 4 (2018), 11-27. doi:10.21324/dacd.344564
  • M.A.R. Aguılera. Konya, Kosova Mahallesindeki PM Kirlilik Dağılımının CBS İle Modellenmesi Ve Değerlendirilmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya Teknik Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Konya, 2022.
  • T. Memişoğlu Baykal. Hava kalitesi parametreleri (PM10 ve SO2) kullanılarak hava kirliliği riskli bölgelerin zamana bağlı konumsal analizi: Kocaeli ili örneği, Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 13 (2023), 1386-1415. doi:10.31466/kfbd.1280317
  • F. Ibrahim, E.Z. Samsudin, A.R. Ishak, J. Sathasivam. Hospital indoor air quality and its relationships with building design, building operation, and occupant-related factors: a mini-review, Frontiers in Public Health. 10 (2022), 1067764. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1067764
  • A. Facciolà, G.F. Pellicanò, G. Visalli, I.A. Paolucci, E. Venanzi Rullo, M. Ceccarelli, F. D'Aleo, A. Di Pietro, R. Squeri, G. Nunnari, V. La Fauci. The role of the hospital environment in the healthcare-associated infections: a general review of the literature, European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 23 (2019), 1266-1278. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201902_17020
  • S.U. Zaman, M. Yesmin, M.R.S. Pavel, F. Jeba, A. Salam. Indoor air quality indicators and toxicity potential at the hospitals' environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 28 (2021), 37727-37740. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13162-8
  • T.R. Doğan, Investigation of Indoor Air Quality in a Hospital: A Case Study from Şanlıurfa, Turkey, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi. 5 (2018), 101–109. doi:10.21324/dacd.448598.
  • A.-A.M. Basil, C.C. Okwuosa, F.O. Uzuegbuanam, L.E. Ugwu, A seasonal investigation of indoor air quality in relation to architectural features in government office buildings in Enugu, Nigeria, Scientific Reports. 14 (2024), 26885. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78160-5
  • S. Dursun, M. Naseer Qasım. Determination and modelling of PM2.5 level in summer time in Selcuk üniversity shopping centre Konya, Advanced Engineering Science. 2 (2022), 01-08.
  • O. Alptekin, G. Çeleci. Toz partiküllerinin iç mekan hava kalitesi üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi, Kafkas Üniv Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 8 (2015), 30-49.
  • M.M.M. Abdel-Salam. Seasonal variation in indoor concentrations of air pollutants in residential buildings, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 71 (2021), 761-777. doi:10.1080/10962247.2021.1895367
  • C.C. Jung, P.C. Wu, C.H. Tseng, H.J Su. Indoor air quality varies with ventilation types and working areas in hospitals. Building and Environment. 85 (2015), 190-195.
  • Y Zhou, G Yang. Real-time monitoring of pollutants in occupied indoor environments: A pilot study of a hospital in China. Journal of Building Engineering. 59 (2022), 105105.

Bir Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesinde Ziyaretçilere Açık Alanlarda İç Ortam Hava Kalitesinin Ölçülmesi ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) ile Haritalanması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 475 - 487, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2026.107

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, CBS kullanarak hastanenin iç ortam hava kalitesi verilerini haritalamayı amaçlamıştır.
Materyal ve metot: Bu çalışma, bir tıp fakültesi hastanesinin iç ortam hava kalitesi verilerini içeren tanımlayıcı bir çalışmadır. Analizlerde CBS teknolojisi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Yaz mevsiminde, hastanenin bodrum katında yer alan gastroenteroloji polikliniği; zemin katta bulunan kadın hastalıkları ve doğum polikliniği; birinci katta ise göz polikliniği sekreterliği, kardiyoloji polikliniği ile kadın hastalıkları ve doğum giriş alanlarında, sonbahar mevsiminde, bodrum katta yer alan endoskopi ve taş kırma ünitesi; zemin katta beyin ve sinir cerrahisi polikliniği; birinci katta ise kardiyoloji polikliniği, göz polikliniği sekreterliği, röntgen, kulak burun boğaz polikliniği sekreterliği alanlarında, kış mevsiminde, bodrum katta gastroenteroloji polikliniği, endokrinoloji ve metabolizma hastalıkları polikliniği, plastik rekonstrüktif ve estetik cerrahi polikliniği ile endoskopi ve taş kırma ünitesi; zemin katta beyin ve sinir cerrahisi polikliniği; birinci katta ise göz polikliniği sekreterliği, kulak burun boğaz polikliniği sekreterliği, kardiyoloji polikliniği ve kadın hastalıkları ve doğum giriş alanlarında, ilkbahar mevsiminde ise bodrum katta yer alan endoskopi ve taş kırma ünitesinde; zemin katta gebe polikliniği ile beyin ve sinir cerrahisi polikliniğinde; birinci katta ise kulak burun boğaz polikliniği sekreterliği alanlarında PM10 değerlerinin yükseldiği tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Hastanedeki iç ortam hava kalitesi parametrelerinden birkaçının standartlara uygun olmadığı görülmüştür.

Proje Numarası

None

Kaynakça

  • WHO. Household air pollution. (2024a). https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • D.Y.C. Leung, Outdoor-indoor air pollution in urban environment: challenges and opportunity, Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2 (2015). doi:10.3389/fenvs.2014.00069
  • EPA. Indoor particulate matter. (2025a). https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-particulate-matter (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • WHO. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. (2024b). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • Hava Kalitesi İndeksi. https://egethm.csb.gov.tr/hava-kalitesi-indeksi-i-87403 (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • J.A. Leech, W.C. Nelson, R.T. Burnett, S. Aaron, M.E. Raizenne, It’s about time: A comparison of Canadian and American time–activity patterns, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 12 (2002), 427–432. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500244
  • C.C. Lin, C.C. Chiu, P.Y. Lee, K.J. Chen, C.X. He, S.K. Hsu, K.C. Cheng. The adverse effects of air pollution on the eye: a review, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (2022), 1186. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031186
  • I. Annesi-Maesano, N. Baïz, S. Banerjee, P. Rdnai. Indoor air quality and sources in schools and related health effects, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews. 16 (2013), 491-550.
  • M. Szabados, R. Kakucs, A. Páldy, B. Kotlík, H. Kazmarová, A. Dongiovanni, A. Di Maggio, A. Kozajda, A. Jutraz, A. Kukec, P. T. Szigeti. Otorepec, Association of parent-reported health symptoms with indoor air quality in primary school buildings – the in airQ study, Building and Environment. 221 (2022), 109339. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109339
  • G.E. Tietjen, J. Khubchandani, S. Ghosh, S. Bhattacharjee, J. Kleinfelder. Headache symptoms and indoor environmental parameters: results from the EPA BASE study, Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 15 (2012), 95-99. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.100029
  • T. Haksevenler. İstanbul’da Farklı İç Ortamlarda Hava Kalitesinin Belirlenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, 2010.
  • H.S. Abdulaali, I.M.S. Usman, M. Alawi, S. Alqawzai, Research on guest comfort and satisfaction with indoor environmental quality in former GBI-certified green hotels: a study case from Malaysia, Frontiers in Built Environment. 11 (2025). doi:10.3389/fbuil.2025.1544177
  • S. Raju, T. Siddharthan, M.C. McCormack, Indoor air pollution and respiratory health, Clinics in Chest Medicine. 41 (2020), 825–843. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2020.08.014
  • N. Ndlovu, B. Nkeh-Chungag, Impact of indoor air pollutants on the cardiovascular health outcomes of older Adults: Systematic review, Clinical Interventions in Aging. 19 (2024), 1629–1639. doi:10.2147/cia.s480054
  • K.C. Chen, S.W. Tsai, R.H. Shie, C. Zeng, H.Y. Yang. Indoor air pollution increases the risk of lung cancer, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (2022), 1164. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031164
  • EPA. Indoor air pollution and health. (2025b). https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/introduction-indoor-air-quality (accessed 4 Haziran 2025).
  • E. Kalıpçı, V. Başer. Coğrafi bilgi sistemi (CBS) ve hava kalitesi verileri kullanılarak Türkiye’nin hava kirliliğinin değerlendirilmesi, Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 9 (2019), 377-389. doi:10.31466/kfbd.645698
  • S.S. Durduran, A. Erdi, F. Kara, Y. Durduran. Cografi bilgi sistemi yardımıyla hava kirliliği haritasının olusturulması ve sağlığa olumsuz etkileri: Konya örneği, in: 4th. International Advanced Technologies Symposium, Konya, Türkiye, 2005.
  • K.O. Demirarslan, H. Akıncı. CBS ve hava kalitesi verileri kullanılarak Marmara bölgesinin kış sezonunda hava kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi. 4 (2018), 11-27. doi:10.21324/dacd.344564
  • M.A.R. Aguılera. Konya, Kosova Mahallesindeki PM Kirlilik Dağılımının CBS İle Modellenmesi Ve Değerlendirilmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya Teknik Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Konya, 2022.
  • T. Memişoğlu Baykal. Hava kalitesi parametreleri (PM10 ve SO2) kullanılarak hava kirliliği riskli bölgelerin zamana bağlı konumsal analizi: Kocaeli ili örneği, Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 13 (2023), 1386-1415. doi:10.31466/kfbd.1280317
  • F. Ibrahim, E.Z. Samsudin, A.R. Ishak, J. Sathasivam. Hospital indoor air quality and its relationships with building design, building operation, and occupant-related factors: a mini-review, Frontiers in Public Health. 10 (2022), 1067764. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1067764
  • A. Facciolà, G.F. Pellicanò, G. Visalli, I.A. Paolucci, E. Venanzi Rullo, M. Ceccarelli, F. D'Aleo, A. Di Pietro, R. Squeri, G. Nunnari, V. La Fauci. The role of the hospital environment in the healthcare-associated infections: a general review of the literature, European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 23 (2019), 1266-1278. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201902_17020
  • S.U. Zaman, M. Yesmin, M.R.S. Pavel, F. Jeba, A. Salam. Indoor air quality indicators and toxicity potential at the hospitals' environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 28 (2021), 37727-37740. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13162-8
  • T.R. Doğan, Investigation of Indoor Air Quality in a Hospital: A Case Study from Şanlıurfa, Turkey, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi. 5 (2018), 101–109. doi:10.21324/dacd.448598.
  • A.-A.M. Basil, C.C. Okwuosa, F.O. Uzuegbuanam, L.E. Ugwu, A seasonal investigation of indoor air quality in relation to architectural features in government office buildings in Enugu, Nigeria, Scientific Reports. 14 (2024), 26885. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78160-5
  • S. Dursun, M. Naseer Qasım. Determination and modelling of PM2.5 level in summer time in Selcuk üniversity shopping centre Konya, Advanced Engineering Science. 2 (2022), 01-08.
  • O. Alptekin, G. Çeleci. Toz partiküllerinin iç mekan hava kalitesi üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi, Kafkas Üniv Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 8 (2015), 30-49.
  • M.M.M. Abdel-Salam. Seasonal variation in indoor concentrations of air pollutants in residential buildings, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 71 (2021), 761-777. doi:10.1080/10962247.2021.1895367
  • C.C. Jung, P.C. Wu, C.H. Tseng, H.J Su. Indoor air quality varies with ventilation types and working areas in hospitals. Building and Environment. 85 (2015), 190-195.
  • Y Zhou, G Yang. Real-time monitoring of pollutants in occupied indoor environments: A pilot study of a hospital in China. Journal of Building Engineering. 59 (2022), 105105.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hava Kirliliği Modellemesi ve Kontrolü, Sağlık ve Ekolojik Risk Değerlendirmesi, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve Mekansal Veri Modelleme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Esra Çiçek 0000-0003-4010-8596

Hasan Küçükkendirci 0000-0001-9015-7367

Yasemin Durduran 0000-0003-0455-0627

Süleyman Savaş Durduran 0000-0003-0509-4037

Tansu Alkan İlçin 0000-0001-8293-2765

Proje Numarası None
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çiçek, E., Küçükkendirci, H., Durduran, Y., … Durduran, S. S. (2025). Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 475-487. https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2026.107
AMA Çiçek E, Küçükkendirci H, Durduran Y, Durduran SS, Alkan İlçin T. Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS). NEU Fen Muh Bil Der. Aralık 2025;7(3):475-487. doi:10.47112/neufmbd.2026.107
Chicago Çiçek, Esra, Hasan Küçükkendirci, Yasemin Durduran, Süleyman Savaş Durduran, ve Tansu Alkan İlçin. “Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS)”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 7, sy. 3 (Aralık 2025): 475-87. https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2026.107.
EndNote Çiçek E, Küçükkendirci H, Durduran Y, Durduran SS, Alkan İlçin T (01 Aralık 2025) Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 7 3 475–487.
IEEE E. Çiçek, H. Küçükkendirci, Y. Durduran, S. S. Durduran, ve T. Alkan İlçin, “Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS)”, NEU Fen Muh Bil Der, c. 7, sy. 3, ss. 475–487, 2025, doi: 10.47112/neufmbd.2026.107.
ISNAD Çiçek, Esra vd. “Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS)”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 7/3 (Aralık2025), 475-487. https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2026.107.
JAMA Çiçek E, Küçükkendirci H, Durduran Y, Durduran SS, Alkan İlçin T. Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS). NEU Fen Muh Bil Der. 2025;7:475–487.
MLA Çiçek, Esra vd. “Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS)”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 475-87, doi:10.47112/neufmbd.2026.107.
Vancouver Çiçek E, Küçükkendirci H, Durduran Y, Durduran SS, Alkan İlçin T. Measurement of Indoor Air Quality in Visitor Areas of a Medical Faculty Hospital and Mapping with Geographic Information System (GIS). NEU Fen Muh Bil Der. 2025;7(3):475-87.


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