Constitutional Control of Foreign Affairs and Strategic Risk: Morocco and Germany in Comparative Perspective

Öz

This article examines how constitutional law structures foreign-affairs decision-making under conditions of strategic risk through a comparative analysis of Morocco and Germany. It argues that foreign affairs should not be conceived as a sphere lying beyond law merely because they are shaped by urgency, uncertainty, and geopolitical pressure. On the contrary, they constitute a particularly revealing site of constitutional ordering, since they expose how legal systems organize the exercise of external power when the need for effective action is at its highest. Adopting a doctrinal and comparative public-law approach, the article analyses the allocation of foreign-affairs powers, the legal filters governing executive action, and the forms of parliamentary participation and judicial review that frame accountability in each system, with particular attention to military deployments, sanctions and embargoes, energy-security arrangements, and migration instruments. The article shows that the central divergence between Morocco and Germany lies not in the existence of legal constraint, but in its structure, timing, and institutional location. Germany reflects a model of dense ex ante legality, characterized by prior authorization, procedural discipline, review mechanisms, and, where relevant, the normative force of European Union law. Morocco operates within a more centralized constitutional architecture in which executive predominance is combined with treaty-based controls, constitutionally defined forms of parliamentary assent, and the possibility of prior constitutional review. The article ultimately proposes a comparative framework for assessing legality in foreign affairs under strategic pressure.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• External relations law
• Constitutional review
• Strategic risk governance
• Morocco
• Germany

Dış İlişkilerin Anayasal Denetimi ve Stratejik Risk: Fas Ile Almanya’nın Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi

Öz

Bu makale, Fas ve Almanya’nın karşılaştırmalı analizi üzerinden, anayasal hukukun stratejik risk koşulları altında dış ilişkilere ilişkin karar alma süreçlerini nasıl yapılandırdığını incelemektedir. Çalışma, dış ilişkilerin yalnızca aciliyet, belirsizlik ve jeopolitik baskı altında şekillenmesi nedeniyle hukukun dışında kalan bir alan olarak değerlendirilemeyeceğini ileri sürmektedir. Aksine, dış ilişkiler, etkili hareket etme ihtiyacının en yoğun olduğu anda hukuk düzenlerinin dış yetkinin kullanımını nasıl örgütlediğini ortaya koyduğu için, anayasal düzenin özellikle açıklayıcı bir görünüm alanını oluşturmaktadır. Doktrinel ve karşılaştırmalı kamu hukuku yaklaşımını benimseyen makale, dış ilişkiler alanındaki yetki dağılımını, yürütme işlemlerini yöneten hukukilik filtrelerini ve her iki sistemde hesap verebilirliği çerçeveleyen parlamenter katılım ile yargısal denetim biçimlerini, özellikle askerî konuşlandırmalar, yaptırımlar ve ambargolar, enerji güvenliği düzenlemeleri ve göç araçları bakımından incelemektedir. Makale, Fas ile Almanya arasındaki temel farkın hukuki sınırlamanın varlığında değil; onun yapısında, devreye giriş anında ve kurumsal konumunda bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Almanya, önceden yetkilendirme, usul disiplini, denetim mekanizmaları ve gerektiğinde Avrupa Birliği hukukunun normatif etkisiyle belirginleşen yoğun bir ex ante hukukilik modelini yansıtmaktadır. Fas ise yürütmenin baskın konumunu antlaşma temelli denetimler, anayasal olarak tanımlanmış parlamento onayı biçimleri ve önleyici anayasal denetim imkânı ile birleştiren daha merkezi bir anayasal yapı içinde hareket etmektedir. Sonuç olarak makale, stratejik baskı altında dış ilişkilerde hukukiliğin değerlendirilmesine yönelik karşılaştırmalı bir çerçeve önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dış ilişkiler hukuku
• Anayasal denetim
• Stratejik risk yönetişimi
• Fas
• Almanya

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