Din Psikolojisinde Bilişsel Yaklaşım : Mcintosh’un ‘Bilişsel Bir Şema Olarak Din ’ Teorisi Örneği

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Din Psikolojisinde Bilişsel Yaklaşım : Mcintosh’un ‘Bilişsel Bir Şema Olarak Din ’ Teorisi Örneği

Öz

alanında, büyük oranda McIntosh’un teorisi ile gündeme gelmiş olan şema kav- ramı, esasen bilişsel psikolojinin konusudur. Algılama, düşünme, hatırlama, unut- ma, problem çözme ve dil davranışı gibi bilişsel süreçler, bilişsel psikolojinin kap- samına girmektedir (Cüceloğlu, 1991, s. 38). Bilişsel psikologlar, bu gün gelinen noktada, bazı temel varsayımları paylaşmaktadırlar. Bunlardan birincisine göre, insanın en temel özelliklerinden birisi, bilgiyi işleyebilmesidir. İkincisine göre, içsel olan birtakım güçler, insanın bilgilenme sürecini yönlendirmektedir. İnsanın bilgi edinme sürecini tam olarak anlamak için, bilginin altında yatan bilişsel yapılar ortaya çıkarılmalıdır. Üçüncüsüne göre ise, bilişsel yapılardan yararlanılarak, çok geniş bir araştırma alanından elde edilen verilerin açıklanabildiği ve gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara yol gösterecek hipotezlerin geliştirildiği güçlü bir bilim oluş- turulabilir (Barsalou, 1992, s. 341). Bu anlamda bilişsel yapılar, bilimsel açıdan kullanılabilirlik özelliliğine sahiptirler. Yani, bilişsel yapılar, kendilerinden hareketle test edilebilen hipotezlerin oluşturulduğu, daha da önemlisi, verilerle desteklenen hipotezlerin genelleştirildiği bir teorinin oluşturmasına imkân verebilir. Bu bağ- lamda bilişsel psikolojinin verilerinin kullanılması, din ile ilgili bilişsel yapıyı temel alan yeni bir teorinin oluşturulmasına katkı sağlayacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Kaynakça

1. ATKINSON, Rita, ATKINSON, Richard C., HILGARD, Ernest R., (1995). Psikolojiye Giriş (çev. Kemal Atakay, Mustafa Atakay, Aysun Yavuz), Sosyal Yayınları, İstanbul.
2. AUBIN, Ed de St. (1999). “Personal Ideology: The Intersection of Personality and Religious Beliefs”, Journal of Personality, 67:6, 1105- 1139.
3. AVANTS, S. Kelly, BEITEL, Mark, MARGOLIN, Arthur (2005). Making the shift from ‘addict self?’ to ‘spiritual self?’: Results from a Stage I study of Spiritual Self-Schema (3-S) therapy for the treatment of addiction and HIV risk behavior, Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8:3, 167-177
4. BARLETT, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. BARSALOU, Lawrence W. (1992). Cognitive Psychology: An Overview for Cognitive Scientists, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey, Hove and London .
6. BELAWICH Timothy G., PARGAMENT, Kenneth I., (2002). “Role of Attachment in Predicting Spiritual Coping with a Loved One in Surgery”, Journal of Adult Development, 9:1, 13-29.
7. BHATTACHARYA, K. & HAN, S. (2001). Piaget and cognitive development, In Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology, editor: M. Orey, http://www. coe. uga. edu/epltt/piaget. htm 05. 09. 2006.
8. BJORCK, Jeffrey, P. (1995). “A Self-Centered Perspective on McIntosh’s Religious Schema”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5:1, 23-29.

9. BLAİNE, Bruce E., NYUGEN, Duong B., (2002). “Believing is Seeing: Religiousness and Perceptual Expertise”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12: 2, 93-107.
10. BREWER, William F. (2000). Barlett’s Concept of the Schema and its Impact on Theories of Knowledge Representation in Contemporary Cognitive Psychology. InBartlett, Culture and Cognition, editor: Akiko Saito, Psychology Press, London.
11. CAMPBELL, Jennifer (2006). Schema, http:// www. Everything2. com/ index. pl?node id=1399247 26. 03. 2006.
12. CÜCELOĞLU, Doğan (1991). İnsan ve Davranışı, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul.
13. DECONCHY, Jean-Pierre, HURTEAU Chantal, QUELEN Florence, RAGOT Isabelle (1997). “The Psychology of Religion and Cognitive Models (The ‘learned Helplessness’ Case)”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 7:4, 263-268.
14. DEWART Hazel, ESGATE Anthony, GURNEY Kevin, KEMP Richard,
15. TOWELL Nicola (1999). An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: Processes and Disorders, Psychology Press, London.
16. HILL, Peter C., PARGAMENT Kenneth I., HOOD Ralph W., McCULLOUGH Michael E., SWYERS James P., LARSON David B., ZINNBAUER, Brain J., (2000). “Conceptualizing Religion and Spirituality: Points of Commonality, Points of Departure”, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30:1, 51–77.
17. HILL, Peter C., HOOD Jr. Ralph W., (1999). “Affect, Religion and Unconscious Processes”, Journal of Personality, 67:6, 1015-1046.
18. KENNEDY, James E., DAVIS, Robert C., TAYLOR, Bruce G., (1998). “Changes in Spirituality and Well-Being Among Victims of Sexual Assault”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37:2, 322-328
19. KOENIG, Harold G., (1995). “Commentary, Religion as Cognitive Schema”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5:1, 31-37.
20. KREJCI, Mark J., (1998). “Gender Comparison of God Schemas: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 8:1, 57-67.
21. LADD, Kevin L., McINTOSH, Daniel N., SPILKA, Bernard (1998). “Children’s God Concepts: Influences of Denomination, Age and Gender”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 8:1, 49- 56.
22. LECHNER, Peter L., (1989). Application of Theory and Research on Cognitive Schemata to the Concept of God, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Saint Luis University.
23. McINTOSH, Daniel N., (1995). “Religion-As-Schema, with Implications for the Relation between Religion and Coping”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5:1, 1-16.
24. McINTOSH, Daniel N., SILVER, Roxane C., WORTMAN, Camille B. (1993). “Religion's Role in Adjustment to a Negative Life Event: Coping With the Loss of a Child”, Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 65:4, 812-821
25. PARK, Crystal L. (2006). “Exploring relations among religiousness, meaning, and adjustment to lifetime and current stressful encounters in later life”, Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 19:1, 33–45
26. PALOUTZIAN, Raymond F., (1996). Invitation to the Psychology of Religion, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
27. PALOUTZIAN, Raymond F., SMITH Brenda S., (1995). “The Utility of the Religion-As Schema Model”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5:1, 17-22.
28. PARGAMENT, Kenneth I., NEWMAN, Jon S., (1990). “The Role Of Religion in the Problem-Solving Process”, Review of Religious Research, 31:4, 390-404.
29. PARGAMENT, Kenneth I, OLSEN, Hannah, REILLY, Barbara, FALGOUT, Kathryn, ENSING, David, S., VAN HAITSMA, Kimberly, (1992). “God Help Me (II) Relationship of Religious Orientations to Religious Coping With Negative Life Events”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31:4, 504-513.
30. PARGAMENT, Kenneth I., (1997). Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice, Guilford Press, New York.
31. ROGERS, Steven A., POEY, Evelyn L., REGER, Greg M., TEPPER, Leslie, COLEMAN, Esther M. (2002). “Religious Coping Among Those With Persistent Mental Illness”. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12:3, 161-175
32. SAITO, Akiko, (2000). Bartlett, Culture and Cognition, Psychology Press, London.
33. SILBERMAN, Israela (2003). “Spiritual Role Modeling: The Teaching of Meaning Systems”, International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 13:3, 175-195.
34. SUZUKI, K. (1987). Schema Theory: A Basis for Domain Information Design. In Application of the Schema theory to instructional design. A symposium conducted at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, W. Wager (Chair), Atlanta, GA, U.S.A.
35. TAYLOR Nicole M., (2001). “Utilizing Religious Schemas to Cope with Mental Illness”, Journal of Religion & Health, 40:3, 383-388.
36. WENGER, Jay L. (2004). “The Automatic Activation of Religious Concepts: Implications for Religious Orientations”, International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14:2, 109-123.