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Kamusal Yeşil Alanlarda İklim Krizine Çözüm Arayışı: Sürdürülebilir Peyzaj Analizi-Sultanahmet Meydanı Örneği

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 35 - 45, 21.04.2020

Öz

Günümüzde dünyanın en büyük sorunlarından biri de iklim değişikliğidir. Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi'nde İDÇS , “Karşılaştırılabilir bir zaman periyodunda gözlenen doğal iklim değişikliğine ek olarak, doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak küresel atmosferin bileşimini bozan insan etkinlikleri sonucunda iklimde oluşan bir değişiklik” biçiminde tanımlanmıştır Anonim, 2002 . Bu tanımdan da anlaşılacağı üzere bu değişimlerin en büyük sorumlusu insandır. Kentleşme, küresel ısınma, nüfus artışı gibi birçok nedenlerden dolayı doğanın dengesi bozulmaktadır. Yaşamın vazgeçilmez unsurlarından biri olan su kaynakları da iklim değişimleri ile tehdit altındadır. Giderek kısıtlı hale gelen su kaynakları suyun tasarruflu kullanım ihtiyacını ortaya koymakta ve özellikle dış mekan peyzaj düzenlemelerinde suyun etkin kullanıldığı yeni peyzaj düzenleme biçimlerinin geliştirilmesinin gerekliliğinin ne denli önemli olduğunu hissettirmektedir. Özellikle metropolitenşehirlerde yapılan peyzaj düzenleme çalışmalarında yoğun su kullanımı gerektiren yeşil alan uygulamaları, bitki türü seçiminde özellikle egzotik ağaç ve çalıların kullanımı ve çok geniş çim alanlar, bitkisel tasarımda yanlış verilen kararlar, susuzluk problemleri vb. nedenler, kentin ekolojik yaklaşım değerleri ile sürdürülebilir kimliğe bürünmesine olumsuz etkiler vermektedir. Bu çalışmada;İstanbul Metropolünde en önemli kamusal yeşil alana sahip Sultanahmet Meydanı ve At Meydanı araştırma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Bu alanlara ait survey çalışması ile; su kullanım zonları, malç kullanımı, çim alan tespiti, mevcut bitki türlerinin kuraklık toleranslarına bakılarak, meydanda suyun etkin kullanımının ne derece karşılandığı araştırılmıştır. Ülkemiz için henüz yeni bir kavram olan Xeriscape kurakçıl peyzaj, önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır.Bu bağlamda;çalışma bundan sonraki çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülerek, özellikle kamusal yeşil alanlarda suyun etkin kullanımı için öneriler getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aküzüm, T., Çakmak, B. and Gökalp, Z. (2013). Evaluation of Water Resources Management in Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Research 1: 67-74.
  • Aksay, C. S., Ketenoğlu, O. and Kurt, L. (2005). Global Warming and Climate. SU Faculty of Science and Letters. Science Journal Issue 25 pp: 29 -41, Konya.
  • Anonymous (2002). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/webmenu/webmenu12421_1.pdf 16.02.2019. Access:
  • Anonymous (2018). T. R. Ministry of Development. The Tenth Development Plan (2014- 2018). Soil and Water Resources Management, p. 138.
  • Atıl A, Gülgün B and Yörük İ. (2005). Sustainable Cities and Landscape Architecture. Ege University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 42 (2): 215-226.
  • Barış E. (2007). Arid Landscaping. Journal of Science and Technology, 2007; 478: 22-27.
  • Bayramoğlu, E. (2016). Sustainable landscape design approach: Evaluation of KTU Kanuni Campus in terms of Xeriscape. Artvin Coruh University Journal of Forestry Faculty ISSN:2146-1880, e-ISSN: 2146-698X 17(2): 2016-119-127.
  • Bedirhan, A. (2014). A Sociological Look at Sultanahmet Square from Past to Present. https://www.academia.edu/8412428/Sultanahmet_Meydan%C4%B1na_Sosyolojik_Bir _Bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.
  • Büyükköz, H. (2012). Solutions for the Protection of Water Resources. Ornamental Plants Magazine Adapazari / Sakarya.
  • Çınar H.S. and Kart Aktaş, N. (2018). Xeriscape Analysis: A Case Study In A Residential Garden In Istanbul. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 19, No 4, 1904 – 1917.
  • Çınar H.S., Parlak, N. And Dönmez, N. (2018). Climate Friendly Urban Green Areas: Roadside Green Spaces in Sakarya/Turkey. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences. 6(2):2018- 159-167. DOI:10.21533/pen.v6i2.204.g204.
  • Du H, Cai W, Xu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y and Cai Y. (2017). Quantifying The Cool Island Effects of Urban Green Spaces Using Remote Sensing Data. Urban Forestry& Urban Greening 27: 2431, 2017.
  • EEA. (2005). European Environment Agency Report, European Environment Outlook Report No:4, Copenhagen, ISSN 1725-9177. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2005_4. Access: 06.03.2019.
  • Fernandez FJ, Alvarez Vázquez LJ, García Chan N, Martínez A and Vázquez Méndez ME. (2015). Optimal Location of Green Zones in Metropolitan Areas to Control the Urban Heat İsland. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 289: 412425, 2015.
  • Grimmond, S. (2007). Urbanization And Global Environmental Change: Local Effects Of Urban Warming. The Geographical Journal, 173: 1, 2007.
  • Güvenç İ. and Demiroğlu D. (2016). The Evaluation of Main Campus Area of Kilis 7 Aralık University in Terms of “Xeriscape” Approach. ISEM2016, 3rd International Symposium on Environment and Morality, 4-6 November 2016, Alanya – Turkey.
  • Mc Carty M.P., Best M.J. and Betts R.A. (2010). Climate Change in Cities Due to Global Warming and Urban Effect. Geophysical Research Letters, 37:9, 2010.
  • Şenel, S. (2013). Researches on the Plant Design of Sultanahmet Square. I.U Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Master Thesis, Istanbul.
  • Wade L., James T., Coder, K. D., Landry G. and Tyson A. W. (2002). A Guide To Developing a Water-wise Landscape. University of Georgia Environmental Landscape Design Department, Georgia, 2002.
  • Yazgan, M.E. and Özyavuz M. (2008). A New System in Xeriscape Landscape Architecture. Unpublished lecture notes.
  • Zhang Y, Murray AT and Turner BL. (2017). Optimizing Green Space Locations To Reduce Daytime and Nighttime Urban Heat Island Effects in Phoenix, Arizona Landscapeand Urban Planning, 2017, 165: 162171.

Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 35 - 45, 21.04.2020

Öz

Today, one of the biggest problems in the world is climate change. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC ; “In addition to the natural climate change observed in a comparable time period, it is a change in climate caused by human activities that directly or indirectly disrupt the composition of the global atmosphere”. It is clear that the biggest responsible for these changes is human Anonymus, 2002 . The balance of nature is deteriorated due to some reasons such as urbanization, global warming and population growth. Water resources which are one of the indispensable elements are also threatened by climate change. Water resources that are increasingly limited reveal the need for efficient use of water and it shows that it is important to develop new landscape arrangements where water is used effectively, especially in outdoor landscaping. Some reasons such as green area application that requires intensive water use in landscaping works in metropolitan cities, the use of exotic trees and shrubs in the selection of plant species and large grass areas, wrong decisions in plant design, thirst problems etc. have negative impact on the adoption of sustainable identity of the city together with the ecological approach values. In this study, Sultanahmet Square and Hippodrome that have the most important public green area in Istanbul have been chosen as research area. The effective use of the water in the square has been examined considering the survey study related to these areas about water usage zones, mulch usage, determination of grass area, drought tolerances of the existing plant species. The concept of xeriscape, which is a new concept in our country, has gained importance day by day. In this context; some recommendation has been given for the effective use of water in public green areas by considering this study will contribute to the future studies.

Kaynakça

  • Aküzüm, T., Çakmak, B. and Gökalp, Z. (2013). Evaluation of Water Resources Management in Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Research 1: 67-74.
  • Aksay, C. S., Ketenoğlu, O. and Kurt, L. (2005). Global Warming and Climate. SU Faculty of Science and Letters. Science Journal Issue 25 pp: 29 -41, Konya.
  • Anonymous (2002). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/webmenu/webmenu12421_1.pdf 16.02.2019. Access:
  • Anonymous (2018). T. R. Ministry of Development. The Tenth Development Plan (2014- 2018). Soil and Water Resources Management, p. 138.
  • Atıl A, Gülgün B and Yörük İ. (2005). Sustainable Cities and Landscape Architecture. Ege University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 42 (2): 215-226.
  • Barış E. (2007). Arid Landscaping. Journal of Science and Technology, 2007; 478: 22-27.
  • Bayramoğlu, E. (2016). Sustainable landscape design approach: Evaluation of KTU Kanuni Campus in terms of Xeriscape. Artvin Coruh University Journal of Forestry Faculty ISSN:2146-1880, e-ISSN: 2146-698X 17(2): 2016-119-127.
  • Bedirhan, A. (2014). A Sociological Look at Sultanahmet Square from Past to Present. https://www.academia.edu/8412428/Sultanahmet_Meydan%C4%B1na_Sosyolojik_Bir _Bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.
  • Büyükköz, H. (2012). Solutions for the Protection of Water Resources. Ornamental Plants Magazine Adapazari / Sakarya.
  • Çınar H.S. and Kart Aktaş, N. (2018). Xeriscape Analysis: A Case Study In A Residential Garden In Istanbul. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 19, No 4, 1904 – 1917.
  • Çınar H.S., Parlak, N. And Dönmez, N. (2018). Climate Friendly Urban Green Areas: Roadside Green Spaces in Sakarya/Turkey. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences. 6(2):2018- 159-167. DOI:10.21533/pen.v6i2.204.g204.
  • Du H, Cai W, Xu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y and Cai Y. (2017). Quantifying The Cool Island Effects of Urban Green Spaces Using Remote Sensing Data. Urban Forestry& Urban Greening 27: 2431, 2017.
  • EEA. (2005). European Environment Agency Report, European Environment Outlook Report No:4, Copenhagen, ISSN 1725-9177. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2005_4. Access: 06.03.2019.
  • Fernandez FJ, Alvarez Vázquez LJ, García Chan N, Martínez A and Vázquez Méndez ME. (2015). Optimal Location of Green Zones in Metropolitan Areas to Control the Urban Heat İsland. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 289: 412425, 2015.
  • Grimmond, S. (2007). Urbanization And Global Environmental Change: Local Effects Of Urban Warming. The Geographical Journal, 173: 1, 2007.
  • Güvenç İ. and Demiroğlu D. (2016). The Evaluation of Main Campus Area of Kilis 7 Aralık University in Terms of “Xeriscape” Approach. ISEM2016, 3rd International Symposium on Environment and Morality, 4-6 November 2016, Alanya – Turkey.
  • Mc Carty M.P., Best M.J. and Betts R.A. (2010). Climate Change in Cities Due to Global Warming and Urban Effect. Geophysical Research Letters, 37:9, 2010.
  • Şenel, S. (2013). Researches on the Plant Design of Sultanahmet Square. I.U Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Master Thesis, Istanbul.
  • Wade L., James T., Coder, K. D., Landry G. and Tyson A. W. (2002). A Guide To Developing a Water-wise Landscape. University of Georgia Environmental Landscape Design Department, Georgia, 2002.
  • Yazgan, M.E. and Özyavuz M. (2008). A New System in Xeriscape Landscape Architecture. Unpublished lecture notes.
  • Zhang Y, Murray AT and Turner BL. (2017). Optimizing Green Space Locations To Reduce Daytime and Nighttime Urban Heat Island Effects in Phoenix, Arizona Landscapeand Urban Planning, 2017, 165: 162171.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hande Sanem Çınar Bu kişi benim

Nilüfer Kart Aktaş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çınar, H. S., & Aktaş, N. K. (2020). Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 35-45.
AMA Çınar HS, Aktaş NK. Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. Nisan 2020;2(1):35-45.
Chicago Çınar, Hande Sanem, ve Nilüfer Kart Aktaş. “Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region”. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 2, sy. 1 (Nisan 2020): 35-45.
EndNote Çınar HS, Aktaş NK (01 Nisan 2020) Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 2 1 35–45.
IEEE H. S. Çınar ve N. K. Aktaş, “Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region”, YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 1, ss. 35–45, 2020.
ISNAD Çınar, Hande Sanem - Aktaş, Nilüfer Kart. “Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region”. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 2/1 (Nisan 2020), 35-45.
JAMA Çınar HS, Aktaş NK. Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;2:35–45.
MLA Çınar, Hande Sanem ve Nilüfer Kart Aktaş. “Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region”. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 35-45.
Vancouver Çınar HS, Aktaş NK. Outlook On Climate Crisis in Urban Green Areas: Case Study of Istanbul-Sultanahmet Region. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;2(1):35-4.

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