Zeytinyağı Üretim Atıksularının Özellikleri, Çevresel Etkileri ve Arıtım Teknolojileri

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 44 - 74, 08.01.2016

Müslün Tunç Ayhan Ünlü

https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.211031

Cited By: 1

Öz

Zeytinyağı üretim atıksuları; mevsimsel üretim, tesislerin geniş arazilere yayılması, yüksek organik yük gibi çeşitli faktörlerden dolayı zeytinyağı üretimi yapan Akdeniz Ülkelerinde ciddi bir çevresel problemdir. Bu atıksuların miktarı ve kirlilik yükü kullanılan üretim prosesine ve işletim koşullarına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Organik madde, askıda katı madde, yağ ve gres içerikleri oldukça yüksektir. Yüksek organik madde ve toksik maddeler içermesi, sezonluk üretim yapılması ve üretim sezonunun birkaç ay devam etmesi bu atıksuların arıtımını zorlaştırmaktadır. Çevreye deşarj edilen arıtılmamış veya yetersiz şekilde arıtılmış zeytinyağı üretim atıksuları çevre üzerinde olumsuz etkilere neden olmaktadır. Çevre üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini önlemek ve yüksek kirlilik içeren bu atıksuları arıtmak için pek çok arıtma yöntemi araştırılmış ve geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada zeytinyağı üretim atıksuların arıtımı üzerine yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Literatür ışığında zeytinyağı üretim prosesleri, üretim sonrasında oluşan atıksuyun bileşimi ve bu atıksuların çevresel etkileri sunulmuş ve atıksu arıtımında kullanılan biyolojik, fizikokimyasal ve ileri oksidasyon yöntemleri derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zeytinyağı atıksuları, biyolojik yöntemler, fizikokimyasal yöntemler, ileri oksidasyon yöntemleri

Kaynakça

• Paraskeva P., Diamadopoulos E., “Technologies for olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment: a review”, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 81, 1475-1485, 2006.
• Erses Yay A.S., Oral H.V, Onay T.T., Yenigün O., “A Study on olive oil mill waswater management in Turkey: a questionnaire and experimental approach”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 60, 64-71, 2012.
• Azbar N., Bayram A., Filibeli A., Muezzinoğlu A., Sengul F., Ozer A., “A Review of Waste Management Options in Olive Oil Production”, Criticial Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 209-247, 2004.
• FAIR CT96-1420, Annex 2. “Final Report, İmprolive, Investments of Treatment and Validation of Liquid-Solid Waste from the Two Phase Olive Oil Extraction”, 2000.
• Borja R., Alba J., Banks C.J., “Impact of the main phenolic compounds of olive mill wastewater (OMW) on the kinetics of acetoclastic methanogenesis”, Process Biochemistry, 32(2), 121-133, 1997.
• Taralas G., Kontominas M.G., “Thermochemical treatment of solid and wastewater effluents originating from the olive oil food industry”, Energy  Fuels, 19, 1179-1185, 2005.
• Borja R., Rincón B., Raposo F., “Anaerobic biodegradation of two-phase olive mill solid waste and liquid effluents: kinetic studies and process performance- review”, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 81, 1450-1462, 2006.
• Mantzavinos D., Kalogerakis N., “Treatment of olive mill effluents, part I. organic matter degradation by chemical and biological processes-an overview”, Environment International, 31, 289-295, 2005.
• İnan H., Dimoglo A., Şimşek H., Karpuzcu M., “Olive oil mill wastewater treatment by means of electro-coagulation”, Separation and Purification Technology, 36, 23-31, 2004.
• Panizza M., Cerisola G., “Olive mill wastewater treatment by anodic oxidation with paralel plate electrodes”, Water Research, 40, 1179-1184, 2006.
• Kestioğlu K., Yonar T., Azbar N., “Feasibility of physico-chemical treatment and advanced oxidatoin processes (AOPs) as a means of pretreatment of olive mill effluent (OME), Process Biochemistry, 40, 2409-2416, 2005.
• SKKY, Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği, 31.12.2004 Tarih ve 25687 Sayılı Resmi Gazete, 2004.
• Oktav, E., Çatalkaya, E.Ç., Şengül, F., 2003, “Zeytinyağı endüstrisi atıksularının kimyasal yöntemlerle arıtımı”, DEÜ Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 5(3), 11-21, 2003.
• Turano E., Curcio S., De Paola M.G., Calabrò V., Iorio G., “An integrated centrifugation- ultrafiltration system in the treatment of olive mill wastewater”, Journal of Membrane Science, 29, 519-531, 2002.
• Khoufi S., Aloui F., Sayadi S., “Treatment of olive oil mill wastewater by combined process electro-fenton reaction and anaerobic digestion”, Water Research, 40, 2007-2016, 2006.
• Oktav E., Özer A., “Zeytinyağı üretimi atıksularının fiziksel arıtımı”, I.Ulusal Çevre Kongresi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, Sivas, 235-240, 2004.
• El-Shafey E.I., Correia P.F.M., de Carvalho M.R., “An integrated process of olive mill wastewater treatment”, Separation Science and Technology, 40, 2841-2869, 2005.
• Fakharedine N., Hajjouji H.E., Badi G.A., Revel J.C, Hafidi M., “Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of organic matter transformation during aerobic digestion of olive-mill waste-waters”, Process Biochemistry, 41(2), 398-404, 2006.
• Sassi A.B, Boularbah A., Jaouad A., Walker G., Boussaid A., “A comparison of olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) from three different processes in Morocco”, Process Biochemistry, 41, 74- 78, 2006.
• Belaid C., Kallel M., Khadhraou M., Lalleve G., Elleuch B., Fauvarque J.F., “Electrochemical treatment of olive mill wastewaters: removal of phenolic compounds and decolourization”, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 36, 1175-1182, 2006.
• Fadil K., Chahlaoui A., Ouahbi A., Zaid A., Borja R., “Aerobic biodegradation and detoxification of wastewaters from the olive oil ındustry”, International Biodeterioration  Biodegradation, 51, 37-41, 2003.
• Ahmadi M., Vahabzadeh F., Bonakdarpour B., Mofarrah E., Mehranian M., “Application of the central composite design and response surface methodology to the advanced treatment of olive oil processing wastewater using fenton’s peroxidation”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B123, 187-195, 2005.
• Fiorentino A., Gentili A., Isidori M., Lavorgna M., Parrella A., Temussi, F., “Olive oil mill wastewater treatment using a chemical and biological approach”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 5151-5154, 2004.
• Lanciotti R., Gianotti A., Baldi D., Angrisani R., Suzzi G., Mastrocola D., Guerzoni M.E., “Use of Yarrowia lipolytica strains for the treatment of olive mill wastewater”, Bioresource Technology, 96, 317-322, 2005.
• Beccari M., Carucci G., Lanz A.M., Majone M., Petrangeli Papini M., “Removal of molecular weight fractions of COD and phenolic compounds in an integrated treatment of olive oil mill effluents”, Biodegradation, 13, 401-410, 2002.
• Robles A., Lucas R., de Cienfuegos G.A., Gálvez A., “Biomass production and detoxification of wastewaters from the olive oil industry by strains of penicillium isolated from wastewater disposal ponds”, Bioresource Technology, 74, 217-221, 2000.
• Gernjak W., Maldonado M.I., Malato S., Cáceres J., Krutzler T., Glaser A., Bauer R., “Pilot- plant treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) by solar TiO2 photocatalysis and solar photo- fenton”, Solar Energy, 77, 567-572, 2004.
• Paredes C., Cegarra J., Bernal M.P., Roig A., “Influence of olive mill wastewater in composting and impact of the compost on a swiss chard crop and soil properties”, Environment International, 31, 305-312, 2005 .
• Borja R., Rincón B., Raposo F., Alba J., Martín A., “A study of anaerobic digestibility of two- phases olive mill solid waste (OMSW) at mesophilic temperature”, Process Biochemistry, 38, 733-742, 2002.
• Kapellakis I.E., Tsagarakis K.P., Crowther J.C., “ Olive oil history, production and by-product management”, Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, 7, 1-26, 2008.
• Israilides C.J., Vlyssides A.G., Mourafeti V.N., Karvouni G., “Olive oil wastewater treatment with the use of an electrolysis system”, Bioresource Technology, 61, 2, 163-170, 1997.
• Aggelis G.G., Gavala H.N., Lyberatos G., “Combined and separate aerobic and anaerobic biotreatment of green olive debittering wastewater”, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 80(3), 283-292, 2001.
• DEÜ, Zeytin Karasuyu Arıtımı Projesi: EBSO Projesi Kapsamındaki Zeytinyağı İşletmeleri İçin Durum Tespiti, Karasu Karakterizasyonu, Karasu Arıtılabilirlik Çalışmaları ve Sonuçları”, DEÜ Mühendislik Fakültesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, İzmir, 2003.
• Ergüder T.H., Güven E., Demirer G.N., “Anaerobic treatment of olive mill wastes in batch reactors”, Process Biochemistry, 36, 243-248, 2000.
• Borja R., Alba J., Banks C.J., “Anaerobic digestion of wash waters derived from the purification of virgin olive oil using a hybrid reactor combining a filter and a sludge blanket”, Process Biochemistry, 31, 3, 219-224, 1996.
• Benitez F.J., Beltran-Heredia J., Torregrosa J., Acero J.L., “Treatment of olive mill wastewaters by ozonation, aerobic degradation and the combination of both treatments”, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 74, 639-646, 1999.
• Fountoulakis M.S., Dokianakis S.N., Kornaros M.E., Aggelis G.G., Lyberatos, G., “Removal of phenolics in olive mill wastewaters using the white-rot fungus, Pleurotus Ostreatus”, Water Research, 36, 4735-4744, 2002.
• Lamia A., Moktar H., “Fermentative decolorization of olive mill wastewater by LactobacillusPlantarum”, Process Biochemistry, 39, 59-65, 2003.
• González-González A., Cuadros F., “Effect of aerobic pretreatment on anaerobicdigestion of olive mill wastewater (OMWW): An ecoefficient treatment, Food and Bioproducts Processing, 95, 339-345, 2015.
• Dalis D., Anagnostidis K., Lopez A., Letsiou I., Hartmann L., “Anaerobic digestion of total raw olive-oil wastewater in a two-stage pilot-plant (up-flow and fixed-bed bioreactors)”, Bioresource Technology, 57(3), 237-243, 1996.
• Marques I.P., “Anaerobic digestion treatment of olive mill wastewater for effluent re-use in irrigation”, Desalination, 137, 233-239, 2001.
• Gizgis N., Georgiou M., Diamadopoulos E., “Sequential anaerobic/aerobic biological treatment of olive mill wastewater and municipal wastewater”, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 81, 1563-1569, 2006.
• Jarboui R., Sellami F., Azri C., Gharsallah N., Ammar E., “Olive mill wastewater evaporation management using PCA method case study of natural degradation in stabilization ponds (Sfax, Tunisia)”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176(1-3), 992-1005, 2010.
• Roig A., Cayuela M.L., Sánchez-Monedero M.A. , “An overview on olive mill wastes and their valorisation methods”, Waste Management, 26, 960-969, 2006.
• Aly A.A., Hasan Y.N.Y., Al-Farraj A.S, “Olive mill wastewater treatment using a simple zeolite- based low-cost method, Journal of Environmental Management, 145, 341-348, 2014.
• Jarboui R., Sellami F., Kharroubi A., Gharsallah N., Ammar E., “Olive mill wastewater stabilization in open-air ponds: ımpact on clay-sandy soil”, Bioresource Technology, 99(16), 7699-7708, 2008.
• Meyssami B., Kasaeian A.B., “Use of coagulants in treatment of olive oil wastewater model solutions by ınduced air flotation”, Bioresource Technology, 96, 303-307, 2005.
• Sarika R., Kalogerakis N., Mantzavinos D., “Treatment of olive mill effluents, Part II. Complete removal of solids by direct flocculation with poly-electrolytes”, Environment International, 31, 297-304, 2005.
• Papaphilippou P.C., Yiannapas C., Politi M., Daskalaki V.M., Michael C., Kalogerakis N., Mantzavinos D., Fatta-Kassinos D., “Sequential coagulation–flocculation, solvent extraction and photo-Fenton oxidation for the valorization and treatment of olive mill effluent”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 224, 82-88, 2013.
• Al-Malah K., Azzam M.O.J., Abu-Lail N.I., “Olive mills effluent (OME) wastewater post- treatment using activated clay”, Separation and Purification Technology, 20(2-3), 225–234, 2000.
• Ochando-Pulido J.M., Victor-Ortega M.D., Hodaifa G., Martinez-Ferez A., “Physicochemical analysis and adequation of olive oil mill wastewater after advanced oxidation process for reclamation by pressure-driven membrane technology”, Science of the Total Environment, 503- 504, 113-121, 2015.
• Kiai H., García-Payo M.C., Hafidi A., Khayet M., “Application of membrane distillation technology in the treatment of table olive wastewaters for phenolic compounds concentration and high quality water production” Chemical Engineering and Processing, 86, 153-161, 2014.
• El-Abbassi A., Kiai H., Hafidi A., Garcia-Payo M.C., Khayet M., “Treatment of olive mill wastewater by membrane distillation using polytetrafluoroethylene membranes”, Separation and Purification Technology, 98, 55-61, 2012.
• Ochando-Pulido J.M., Verardo V., Segura-Carretero A., Martinez-Ferez A., “Analysis of the concentration polarization and fouling dynamic resistances under reverse osmosis membrane treatment of olive mill wastewater”, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, in press,2015.
• Cassano A., Conidi C., Drioli E., “Comparison of the performance of UF membranes in olive mill wastewaters treatment, Water Research, 45, 3197-3204, 2011.
• Zirehpour A., Rahimpour A., Jahanshahi M., Peyravi M., “Mixed matrix membrane application for olive oil wastewater treatment: Process optimization based on Taguchi design method”, Journal of Environmental Management, 132, 113-120, 2014.
• El-Abbassi A., Kiai H., Raiti J., Hafidi A., “Application of ultrafiltration for olive processing wastewaters Treatment”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 432-438, 2014.
• Garcia-Castello, E., Cassano, A., Criscuoli, A., Conidi, C., Drioli, E., “Recovery and concentration of polyphenols from olive mill wastewaters by integrated membrane system”, Water Research 44, 3883-3892, 2010.
• Cassano A., Conidi C, Giorno L., Drioli E., “Fractionation of olive mill wastewaters by membrane separation techniques”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 248-249, 185-193, 2013.
• Coskun T., Debik E., Manav Demir N., “Treatment of olive mill wastewaters by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes”, Desalination, 259, 65–70, 2010.
• Tezcan-Ün Ü., Uğur S., Koparal A.S., Öğütveren Ü.B., “Electrocoagulation of olive mill wastewaters”, Separation and Purification Technology, 52, 136-141, 2006.
• Chen, G., “Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment”, Separation and Purification Technology, 38, 11-41, 2004.
• Hanafi F., Assobhei O., Mountadar M., “Detoxification and Discoloration of Moroccan Olive Mill Wastewater”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174, 807-812, 2010.
• Uğurlu M., “Elektrokoagülasyon yöntemi ile kağıt atık sularında bazı inorganik bileşenlerin giderilmesi”, G.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 85-99, 2004.
• Adhoum N., Monser L., “Decolourization and removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation”, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 43, 1281-1287, 2004.
• García-García P., López-López A., Moreno-Baquero J. M., Garrido-Fernández A., “Treatment of wastewaters from the green table olive packaging industry using electro-coagulation”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 170, 59–66, 2011.
• Kartal Z., Ölmez Hancı T., Arslan Alaton İ., “Bir zeytinyağı karasuyunun koagülasyon ve elektrokoagülasyon prosesleriyle kimyasal arıtılabilirliğinin incelenmesi”, itüdergisi/E Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü, 18(2-3), 3-12, 2008.
• Khoufi S., Feki F., Sayadi S., “Detoxification of olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation and sedimentation processes”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 142, 58-67, 2007.
• Çatalkaya E.Ç., Balli U., Şengül F., “Fenol’ün fotokimyasal yöntemlerle parçalanması ve mineralizasyonu”, Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü Dergisi (SKKD), 14(3), 31-41, 2004.
• Arslan-Alaton İ., Gürses F., “Penisilin Prokain G antibiyotik formülasyon atıksuyunun Fenton- benzeri ve Foto-Fenton-benzeri ileri oksidasyon prosesleri ile arıtılabilirliğinin incelenmesi, Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü Dergisi (SKKD), 14(1), 11-16, 2004.
• Siorou S., Vgenis T.T., Dareioti M.A., Vidali M.-S., Efthimiou I., Kornaros M., Vlastos D., Dailianis S., “Investigation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) ozonation efficiency with the use of a battery of selected ecotoxicity and human toxicity assays”, Aquatic Toxicology,164, 135-144, 2015.
• Chedeville O., Debacq M., Porte C., “Removal of phenolic compounds present in olive mill wastewaters by ozonation”, Desalination, 249, 865-869, 2009.
• Drouice M., Mignot, V.L., Lounici, H., Belhocine, D., Grib H., Pauss A., Mameri N., “A compact process for the treatment of olive mill wastewater by combining UF and UV/H2O2 techniques”, Desalination, 169, 81-88, 2004.
• Birgül A., Solmaz Akal S.K., “Tekstil endüstrisi atıksuları üzerinde ileri oksidasyon ve kimyasal arıtma prosesleri kullanılarak KOİ ve renk giderimi araştırılması”, Ekoloji, 15, 62, 72-80, 2007.
• Kallel M., Belaid C., Mechichi T., Ksibi M, Elleuch B., “Removal of organic load and phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by fenton oxidation with zero-valent ıron”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163, 550–554, 2009.
• Kiril Mert B., Yonar T., Yalili Kilic M.¸ Kestioğlu K., “Pre-treatment studies on olive oil mill effluent using physicochemical, fenton and fenton-like oxidations processes”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174, 122–128, 2010.
• Özdemir C., Tezcan H., Sahinkaya S., Kalipci E., “Pretreatment of olive oil mill wastewater by two different applications of fenton oxidation processes”, Clean – Soil, Air, Water, 38(12), 1152-1158, 2010.
• Nieto L. M., Hodaifa G., Rodríguez S., Giménez J.A., Ochando J., “Degradation of organic matter in olive-oil mill wastewater through homogeneous Fenton-like reaction”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 173, 503-510, 2011.
• Hodaifa G., Ochanda-Pulido J.M., Rodriguez-Vives S., Martinez-Ferez A., “Optimization of continuous reactor at pilot scale for olive-oil mill wastewater treatment by Fenton-like process”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 220, 117-124, 2013.
• Badawy M.I., Gohary F.El., Ghaly M.Y., Ali M.E.M., “ Enhancement of olive mill wastewater biodegradation by homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169, 673-679, 2009.
• Gotsi M., Kalogerakis N., Psillakis E., Samaras P., Mantzavinos D., “Electrochemical oxidation of olive oil mill wastewaters”, Water Research, 39, 17, 4177-4187, 2005.
• Selçuk H., Sarıkaya H.Z., “Fotoelektrokimyasal yöntemle humik asit giderimi”, itüdergisi/d mühendislik, 3(6), 82-90, 2004.
• El Hajjouji H., Barje F., Pinelli E., Bailly J.R., Richard C., Winterton P., Revel J.-C., Hafidi M., “Photochemical UV/TiO2 treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW)”, Bioresource Technology, 99, 7264-7269, 2008.
• Gomes H.T., Figueiredo J.L., Faria J.L., “Catalytic wet air oxidation of olive mill wastewater”, Catalysis Today, 124, 254-259, 2007.
• Yahiaouia O., Lounicia H., Abdia N., Drouichi N., Ghaffour N., Pauss A., Mameri N., “Treatment of olive mill wastewater by the combination of ultrafiltration and bipolar electrochemical reactor processes”, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 50, 37-41, 2011.
• Kotsou M., Kyriacou A., Lasaridi K., Pilidis G., “Integrated aerobic biological treatment and chemical oxidation with fenton’s reagent for the processing of green table olive wastewater”, Process Biochemistry, 39, 1653-1660, 2004.
• Zorpas A.A., Costa C.N., “Combination of fenton oxidation and composting for the treatment of the olive solid residue and the olive mill wastewater from the olive oil ındustry in Cyprus” Bioresource Technology, 101,7984-7987, 2010.
• Dhouib A, Aloui F., Hamad N., Sayadi S., “Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill wastewaters by phanerochaete chrysosporium coupled to anaerobic digestion and ultrafiltration”, Process Biochemistry, 41, 159-167, 2006.
• Khoufi S., Aloui F., Sayadi S., “Pilot scale hybrid process for olive mill wastewater treatment and reuse”, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 48, 643-650, 2009.