COVID-19 SALGINI DÖNEMİNDE TEMEL GELİR UYGULAMASI TARTIŞMALARI

Yıl 2022, , 2121 - 2142, 30.12.2022

Melike Çallı Kaplan

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1122500

Öz

Bu çalışmada, tüm dünyaya hızlı bir şekilde yayılan Covid-19 salgınının, dünyanın dört bir yanındaki toplumlarda ve ekonomilerde yarattığı şok etkilere karşı hükümetlerin aldığı temel önlemler ve bilhassa vatandaşlarına evrensel temel gelir sağlama ile ilgili tartışmalar üzerinde durulmaktadır. Covid-19 salgınının olumsuz etkisi karşısında hükümetlerin vatandaşlarına evrensel temel geliri mi yoksa alternatif sosyal koruma önlemleri ile geçici temel gelir mi sağlaması tartışılmaktadır. Tartışma yapılırken belirli ülkeler seçilmektedir. Tartışma, vaka sayıları yüksek olan ülkeler arasından gerek geçici gerekse evrensel temel gelir uygulamasını gündemine alan ve pilot çalışma başlatan ülkeler ile temel gelir uygulaması ile ön plana çıkan ülkeler seçilerek yapılmıştır. Ülkelerin Covid-19 döneminde sosyal koruma uygulamaları ISSA (Uluslararası Sosyal Güvenlik Teşkilatı) sayfasından ve mali destek uygulaması IMF (Uluslararası Para Fonu) sayfasından alınarak literatür taraması ile birleştirilip analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ülkelerin Covid-19 salgınına karşı öncelikli olarak kısa vadeli ve geçici bir dönemi kapsayacak şekilde sosyal koruma önlemlerine yöneldikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Ancak bu çalışmada, ülkelerin Covid-19 salgını, doğal afetler, savaş vb. durumlarda uzun vadede ve daha kapsamlı olacak şekilde uygulamalara yönelmeleri gerektiği özellikle evrensel temel gelir uygulamasına geçmesinin yerinde olacağı vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Salgını, Sosyal Koruma, Temel Gelir

Kaynakça

• Abdoul-Azize H.T & El Gamil, R. (2021). Social Protection as a Key Tool in Crisis Management: Learnt Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Glob Soc Welf , 8:107–116.
• Alradhawi, M. (2020).Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental well-being amongst Individuals in society. A letter to the editor on The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: A review”, International Journal of Surgery ,78, 147–148.
• Baldwin, R & Tomiura, E. (2020). Thinking ahead about the trade impact of COVID-19. in (ed) RichardBaldwin and Beatrice Weder di Mauro, Economics in the Time of COVID-19, CEPR Press, p 59-73.
• Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Economics in the Time of COVID-19, CEPR Press, London.
• Banerjee, A., l Faye, M., Krueger, A., Niehaus, P. & Suri, T. (2020).Effects of a Universal Basic Income during the Pandemic.,Working paper, https://econweb.ucsd.edu/~pniehaus/papers/ubi_covid.pdf.
• Beken, H.G. (2020). 21. Yüzyılda (Evrensel) Temel Gelir Tartışmaları. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 42(2): 180-201.
• BIEN (2021). About Basic Income. https://basicincome.org/about-basic-income/ E.T. 15.05.2021.
• Bidadanure, J.U.(2019). The Political Theory of Universal Basic Income. Annu. Rev. Political Sci, 22:481–501.
• Boessenkool, K. (2020a). In Normal Times, Universal Basic Income is a Bad Idea. But it’s the Wisest Solution for COVID-19 Economic Strain. The Globe and Mail. 19 Mart 2020, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-in-normal-timesuniversal-basic-income-is a-bad-idea-but-its the/?utm_source=Shared+Article+Sent+to+User&utm_medium=Email:+Newsletters+/+E Blasts+/+etc.&utm_campaign=Shared+Web+Article+Links, E.T.05.10.2022.
• Boessenkool, K. (2020b).Policy Challenges During a Pandemic. 7 Nisan 2020, Max Bell Scool of Public Policy.https://www.mcgill.ca/maxbellschool/article/articlespolicy-challenges-during pandemic/briefing-crisis-basic-income, E.T.05.10.2022
• Boso, A., Larrinaga, I. & Vancea, M. (2005).Basıc Income For Immıgrants Too, https://basicincome.org/bien/pdf/IrkusFinalVersionFullPaper.pdf E.T.05.03.2022
• Carlsson-Szlezak, Philipp, Reeves, M. & Swartz, P. (2020a).Understanding the Economic Shock of Coronavirus.Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2020/03/understanding-theeconomic shock-of-coronavirus.
• Carlsson-Szlezak, Phillip, Reeves, M. & Swartz, P. (2020b ). What Coronavirus Could Mean for the Global Economy. https://hbr.org/2020/03/what-coronavirus-could-mean-forthe-global-economy.
• Coelho, A. (2020). Brazil: the National Senate approves Emergency Basic Income. Brazil: the National Senateapproves Emergency Basic Income | BIEN — Basic Income Earth Network, 20.11.2021.
• Çetinkaya, G. Ve Akar, S.(2021). Covid-19 Salgınında Koşulsuz Temel Gelire Alternatif Geçici Temel Gelir: Çözüm Olabilir Mi?. 12. International Conference on Political Economy (ICOPEC2021@Manisa) Impacts of COVID-19 on Societies and Economies June 24-26, 2021, Manisa, Turkey | www.icopec.org
• Çolak, Ö. F. (2020).Salgına karşı ekonomik önlemler artmalı. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 10 (114):18-23.
• D’Mello J.F. (2019). Universal Basic Income and Entrepreneurial Pursuit in an Autonomous Society. Journal of Management Inquiry, 1– 5 sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1056492619827381. Donavan, M.P. (2021). Denver Basic Income Project Started With Tesla [TSLA] Gains, Denver Basic Income Project Started with Tesla [TSLA] Gains - CleanTechnica, 20.12.2021.
• Eckas, A. (2021). Examınıng Unıversal Basıc Income In Kenya, https://borgenproject.org/universal basic-income-in-kenya/E.T.05.07.2021.
• Ghatak, M. and Maniquet, F. (2019). Universal Basic Income: Some Theoretical Aspects. Annu. Rev. Econ. 11:895–928.
• Gentilini U, Almendi M., Dale P., Lopez A.V, Mujica, I.V., Quintana, R. & Zafar, U.(2020).Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures. Living paper version 11 (June 12, 2020)
• ILO (2021). ILO Gözlem COVID- 19 ve Çalışma Yaşamı. 7. Baskı https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo ankara/documents/briefingnote/wcms_769693.pdf , 11.10.2021
• IMF (2021). Polıcy Responses To Covıd-19. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19, 11.10.2021
• ISSA (2021). Coronavirus country measures. https://ww1.issa.int/coronavirus/country-measures, 10.10.2021
• Johnson, A.F & Roberto, K.J. (2020). The COVID‐19 pandemic: Time for a universal basic income. Public Admin Dev. 2020;1–4. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pad https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1891.
• Kagel, M.(2022). Universal Basic Income in Germany. https://www.aicgs.org/2022/09/universal-basic-income-in germany/#:~:text=UBI%20in%20German%20Politics&text=In%202021%2C%20the%20Gre s%20were,of%201%2C200%20euros%20a%20month E:T.05.10.2022.
• Kildal N. & Kuhnle S. (2005). Normative Foundations of the Universal Welfare State.Routledge, London.
• Knight, P. (2021).The Denver Basic Income Project: A Privately Funded Initiative Focused on the Homeless. The Denver Basic Income Project: A Privately Funded Initiative Focused on the Homeless | BIEN Basic Income Earth Network, 02.01.2022.
• Kochhar, R. (2020). Unemployment rose higher in three months of COVID-19 than it did in two years of the Great Recession. How U.S. unemployment during COVID-19 compares with Great Recession | Pew Research Center, 20.02.2022.
• Leach, M., MacGregor, H., Scoones, I., & Wilkinson, A. (2021). Post-pandemic transformations: How and why COVID-19 requires us to rethink development. World Development ,138 (2021) 105233, p1-11.
• Levine, D. I. & McKibbin,W. (2020). Simple steps to reduce the odds of a global catastrophe. The Brookings Institution aktaran Mckibbin, W ve Fernando, R. (2020). Edit. The economic impact of COVID-19. Economics in the Time of COVID-19 ,CEPR Press.
• Lavinas, L. (2020). Brazil: COVID-19, UBI, and ultraliberalism, Brazil: COVID-19, UBI, and ultraliberalism | BIEN — Basic Income Earth Network, 20.12.2021.
• Laurınavıčıus, A. Ve Laurınavıčıus, A. (2016).The Concept of Basic Income: Global Experience and Implementation Possibilities in Lithuania, Business, Management and Education, 14(1), 50–63.
• Livington, A.(2022). Pros and Cons of Universal Basic Income. https://www.moneycrashers.com/pros and cons-universal-basic-income/E.t.05.10.2022.
• Machin, R. (2021). COVID-19 and the temporary transformation of the UK social security system. Critical Social Policy , Vol. 41(4): 651–662.
• Martin, J. M.(2020). Constıtutıonalıty Of Basıc Income In Germany. ERAZ 2020 Conference Proceedings The 6th International Scientific Conference DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/ERAZ.2020.295.
• Mckibbin, W ve Fernando, R. (2020). The economic impact of COVID-19. Economics in the Time of COVID-19 Edited by Richard Baldwin and Beatrice Weder di Mauro, CEPR Press.
• Moreno, A.M., (2020). "Policy Responses to Covid-19 in Latin American Countries: A Universal Basic Income. Gaceta Médica De Caracas, 128(2): 172-187.
• Morris, S. (2021). Wales to launch pilot universal basic income scheme. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/may/14/wales-to-launch-universal-basic-income pilotscheme#:~:text=A%20pilot%20universal%20basic%20income,%2C%20Mark%20Drak ord%2C%20has%20revealed.&text=Under%20a%20UBI%20system%2C%20every,the%20 asic%20cost%20of%20living., 02.01.2022.
• Nettle, D., Johnson, E., Johnson, M & Saxe, R. (2021).Why has the COVID-19 pandemic increased support for Universal Basic Income?. Humanıtıes And Socıal Scıences Communıcatıons ,| 8:79 https://Doi.Org/10.1057/S41599-021-00760-7.
• Noguera, J.A. (2001). Some Prospects for Basic Income Scheme in Spain. South EuropeanSociety &Politics, Vol.6, No.3 pp.83-102.
• Patel, S.B.& Kariel J. (2021). Universal basic income and covid-19 pandemic. BMJ ;372: n193 | doi: 10.1136/bmj. N.193.
• Phelan, A. L., Katz, R., & Gostin, L. O. (2020).The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance. JAMA. 323(8):709-710. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1097.
• Reed, K. P. & Schulteis, M. P. (2020). President Trump Signs Into Law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. The National Law Review, https://www.natlawreview.com/article/president-trump-signs-law coronavirus-aid relief and economic-security-cares-act E:T 05.12.2021
• Prabhakar, R.. (2020). Universal Basic Income and Covid-19: Is A Basic Income Both Affordable and Desirable?. IPPR Progressive Review, Volume 27(1): 106-113.
• Seung-Ho, B.(2021). Recent Issues Facing Social Security in South Korea, Issue Paper Series: Labour and Society.
• Standing, G. (2021). Welsh Government Commits to Basic Income Pilot. Welsh Government Commits to Basic Income Pilot | BIEN — Basic Income Earth Network,20.12.2021.
• Standing, G. (2020). The Case for a Basic IncomeOpening Essay for GTI Forum Universal Basic Income: Has the Time Come? Gtı Forum Openıng Essay.
• Standing, G. (2016a). Basic Income: And How We Can Make It Happen. A Pelican Introduction. Standing, G. (2016b). Temel Gelir: Küreselleşen Dünyada Yoksullukla Bir Mücadele Yöntemi derleyen Ayşe Buğra, Çağlar Keyder, Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru , İletişim Yayınları, s.17-37.
• Seçkiner Bingöl, E. (2020).Covid-19 Pandemisi Sonrası Evrensel Temel Gelir Tartışması: Zamanı Geldi Mi?”. Tesev Değerlendirme Notları- 2020/5.
• Sutkowski, L. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic; Recession, Virtual Revolution Leading to De globalization?.Journal of Intercultural Management Vol. 12 | No. 1 |March 2020 | pp. 1–11 DOI 10.2478/joim-2020-0029.
• Telles, P. (2020). COVID-19: Brazil Implements Basic Income Policy Following Massive Civil Society Campaign. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/covid-19-brazil implements-basic incomepolicy-following-massive-civil-society-campaign, 20.12.2021.
• Türk, A, Bingül, B. A., ve Rengin, A. K. (2020).Tarihsel süreçte yaşanan pandemilerin ekonomik ve sosyal etkileri . Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(COVID-19 Special Issue), 612-632.
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (2020). Covid-19 Ekonomik İstikrar Kalkanı Paketi. https://www.isim.org.tr/content/upload/attached-files/covid 19ekonomik-istikra 20200414170956.PDF
• Van Parijs, P. (2006). Basic Income: A Simple and Powerful Idea for the Twenty‐First Century. İn B. Ackerman, A. Alstott and P. Van Parijs (eds.) Redesigning Distribution. New York: Verso.
• Yamasaki, N & Rodopoulos, F. (2021).Emergency Aid: The Brazilian response to an unprecedented challenge. in “What's next for social protection in light of COVID-19: country responses Policy in Focus, Volume No. 19, Issue No. 1, March 2021 p.20-21.
• Yeo, E.G., Kim, A. S., (2020). Emergency Support Measures in Response to Covid-19. Korea Institute for Health & Social Affairs, Research in Brief, No: 2020-08: 1-8.
• Ward, L. (2021).The pros and cons of universal basic income. https://college.unc.edu/2021/03/universal-basic income/
• Wispelaere, D.J., Morales, L., (2021).Emergency Basic Income during the Pandemic. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 30: 248–254
• WHO (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard https://covid19.who.int/ E.T. 30.10.2022
• Worldbank (2020). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune, Washington, DC: World Bank. Doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1602-4. License: Creative.Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO