İş Arama Kalitesi Ölçeği: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması

Öz

Bu araştırmada İş Arama Kalitesi Ölçeği’nin (İAKÖ) Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin test edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında aktif olarak bir işte çalışmayan 250 katılımcı yer almıştır. İAKÖ’nün adaptasyon sürecinde dilsel eşdeğerlik, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları ölçeğin orijinal yapısında olduğu gibi hedef belirleme, planlama, hedef ulaşma çabası ve yansıtma/değerlendirme olmak üzere dört alt boyuttan oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Benzer ölçek geçerliği kapsamında İAKÖ’nün alt boyutları ile İş Arama Yetkinlik Düzeyi Envanteri ve Mesleki Sonuç Beklentileri Ölçeği arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Güvenirlik analizleri kapsamında ise Cronbach Alpha ve McDonald’s Omega katsayıları hedef belirleme için .93, planlama için .91, hedefe ulaşma çabası için .92 ve yansıtma/değerlendirme için .94 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak İAKÖ’nün, Türkiye’deki iş arama süreçlerinin değerlendirilmesinde etkili bir araç olarak kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• iş arama kalitesi
• hedef belirleme
• planlama
• hedefe ulaşma çabası
• yansıtma

Job Search Quality Scale: Turkish validity and reliability study

Öz

This study aimed to adapt the Job Search Quality Scale (JSQS) into Turkish and test its psychometric properties. The study included 250 unemployed participants. During the adaptation process of the JSQS, studies on linguistic equivalence, validity, and reliability were conducted. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale consists of four sub-dimensions, as in its original structure: goal setting, planning, goal attainment, and reflection. In terms of convergent validity, positive and significant correlations were found between the subscales of the JSQS and the Job Search Self Efficacy Inventory and the Career Outcome Expectations Scale. In terms of reliability analysis, Cronbach Alpha and McDonald's Omega coefficients were calculated as .93 for goal setting, .91 for planning, .92 for goal attainment effort, and .94 for reflection. In conclusion, it can be stated that the JSQS can be used as an effective tool in evaluating job search processes in Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• job search quality
• goal setting
• planning
• goal attainment
• reflection

Kaynakça

1. Başbuğ, G. (2008). Üniversiteden yeni mezun olan gençlerin iş arama davranışlarının planlı davranış teorisi bağlamında araştırılması [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
2. Baz, D. (2023). İş arama aktivitesi için algılanan sosyal destek ölçeği: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 46(17), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.29329/mjer.2023.640.1
3. Boğazlıyan, E. E., & Avşaroğlu, S. (2024). Development of employment anxiety scale for university students: Validity and reliability study. Pedagogical Perspective, 3(1), 90-111. https://doi.org/10.29329/pedper.2024.51
4. Brown, D. J., Cober, R. T., Kane, K., Levy, P. E., & Shalhoop, J. (2006). Proactive personality and the successful job search: A field investigation with college graduates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.717
5. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
6. Çakır, M. A., & Tagay, Ö. (2015). Developing job search self-efficacy scale and Turkish university students’ job search self-efficacy levels. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 10(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJESBS/2015/18975
7. Çıtak, Ş., Akyazı, K. G., & Abanuzoğlu, C. (2025). İş Arama Öz-Yetkinlik Ölçeği Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(3), 1901-1919. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1724366
8. DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage Publications.

9. Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 14-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.005
10. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
11. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Pearson Education.
12. Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
13. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
14. Ikeda, T., Igarashi, A., Odani, S., Murakami, M., & Tabuchi, T. (2022). Health-related quality of life during Covid-19 pandemic: Assessing impacts of job loss and financial support programs in Japan. Applied Research in Quality Life, 17, 541-557. doi: 10.1007/s11482-021-09918-6
15. Işık, E. (2010). Sosyal Bilişsel Kariyer Teorisi temelli bir grup müdahalesinin üniversite öğrencilerinin kariyer kararı yetkinlik ve mesleki sonuç beklenti düzeylerine etkisi [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
16. Jackson, D. (2016). Re-conceptualising graduate employability: The importance of pre-professional identity. Higher Education Research & Development, 35(5), 925–939. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1139551
17. Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C. R., & Kantrowitz, T. M. (2001). Job search and employment: A personality-motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 837-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.837
18. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
19. Koen, J., Klehe, U. C., & Van Vianen, A. E. M. (2013). Employability among the long-term unemployed: A futile quest or worth the effort? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.11.001
20. Koen, J., Klehe, U. C., Van Vianen, A. E., Zikic, J., & Nauta, A. (2010). Job-search strategies and reemployment quality: The impact of career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.004
21. Kreemers, L. M., van Hooft, E. A. J., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., & Wanberg, C. R. (2022). If you want a job, don’t just search hard, seacrh systematically: Examining the predictors and outomes of job search intensity and job search quality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 31(6), 815-833. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2021.1955857
22. Kümbül Güler, B. (2012). İş arama davranışı: Bütüncül psiko-sosyal bir yaklaşım. İş, Güç, Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 14(2), 7-24. https://doi.org/10.4026/1303-2860.2012.0197.x
23. Lechner, C. M., Tomasik, M. J., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2016). Preparing for uncertain careers: How youth deal with growing occupational uncertainties before the education-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 95, 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.08.002 Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033446
24. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
25. Lent, R. W., Ireland, G. W., Penn, L. T., Morris, T. R., & Sappington, R. (2017). Sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations for career exploration and decision-making: A test of the social cognitive model of career self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.01.002
26. Lim, R. H., Lent, R. W., & Penn, L. T. (2016). Prediction of job search intentions and behaviors: Testing the Social Cognitive Model of Career Self-Management. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(5), 594-603. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000154
27. McKee-Ryan, F., Song, Z., Wanberg, C. R., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53
28. McWhirter, E. H., Rasheed, S., & Crothers, M. (2000). The effects of high school career education on social-cognitive variables. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 330-341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.3.330
29. Ng, J. W. X., Tan, H. H., & Lee, C. K. (2023). Human capital effects in the job search process for new labor market entrants. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 143, 103819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103819
30. Nguyen, T. P. A., Buyens, D., & Patient, D. (2026). The effect of proactive job search motivation profiles on job search quality in the school-to-work transition. Career Development International, 31(1), 92-109. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-09-2024-0416
31. Nonnis, M., Frau, G., Agus, M., Urban, A., & Cortese, C. G. (2023). Burnout without a job: An explorative study on a sample of Italian unemployed jobseekers. Journal of Public Health Research, 12(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/22799036221149260
32. OECD (2020). OECD employment outlook 2020: Worker security and the COVID-19 crisis. OECD Publishing.
33. Özer, A., & Zencir, T. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin iyimserlik düzeyleri ve kariyer fuarlarına katılmaları ile iş arama davranışları arasındaki ilişkide öz-yetkinliğin aracı rolü. Pegem Akademi. https://depo.pegem.net/9786052414743.pdf
34. Saks, A. M. (2006). Multiple predictors and criteria of job search success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 400–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.001
35. Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (2000). Change in job search behaviors and employment outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1714
36. Schwab, K. (2016). The fourth ındustrial revolution. World Economic Forum.
37. Song, Z., Uy, M. A., & Foo, M. D. (2021). Job search clarity and job search outcomes: The role of career adaptability and goal orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(3), 475–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000505
38. Stremersch, J., & Van Hoye, G. (2020). Searching hard versus searching smart: The role of search process quality in an internship context. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12274
39. Stremersch, J., Van Hoye, G., & Van Hooft, E. (2021). How to successfully manage to school-to-work transition: Integrating job search quality in the social cognitive model of career self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 131, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103643
40. Şentürk, İ. (2019). Türkiye’de işsizlerin iş arama yoğunluğu. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 14(3), 615-630.
41. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
42. Taris, T. W. (2002). Unemployment and mental health: A longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 9(1), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013067101217
43. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2025). İşgücü İstatistikleri, Mayıs 2025. Ankara: TÜİK. Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Mayis-2025-54063
44. Van Hooft, E. A. J., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Wanberg, C.R., Kanfer, R., & Basbug, G. (2021). Job search and employment success: A quantitative review and future research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(5), 674-713. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000675
45. Van Hooft, E. A. J., Van Hoye, G., & Van Den Hee, S. M. (2022). How to optimize the job search process: Development and validation of the job search quality scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 30(3), 474-505. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727211052812
46. Van Hooft, E. A. J., Wanberg, C. R., & van Hoye, G. (2013). Moving beyond job search quantity. Organizational Psychology Review, 3(1), 3–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386612456033
47. Virgolino, A., Costa, J., Santos, O., Pereira, M. E., Antunes, R., Ambrosio, S., Heitor, M. J., & Vaz Carneiro, A. (2022). Lost in transition: A systematic review of the association between unemployment and mental health. Journal of Mental Health, 31(3), 432-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2021.2022615
48. Yüce-Selvi, Ü., & Sümer, N. (2023). Algılanan iş güvencesizliği ve iş arama davranışı: İş doyumu, duygusal örgütsel bağlılık ve işten ayrılma niyetinin aracı rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 38(91), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpd1300443320210621m000050
49. Wanberg, C. R., Kanfer, R., & Rotundo, M. (1999). Unemployment individuals: Motives, job-search competencies, and job-search constraints as predictors of job seeking and reemployment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 897-910.
50. Wanberg, C. R., Zhu, J., & Van Hooft, E. A. J. (2010). The job search grind: Perceived progress, self-reactions, and self-regulation of search effort. Academy of Management Journal, 53(4), 788–807. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.52814599
51. Wörn, J., Reme, B.A., & Skirbekk, V. (2023). Job loss and psychological distress during the covid-19 pandemic: A national prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 23, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16303-5