Tanrı tasavvuru ve ahlaki-ideolojik tutumlar: Türkiye örneği

Öz

Tanrı algısının bireylerin toplumsal ve siyasal tutumlarıyla nasıl bir ilişkiye sahip olduğunu inceleyen çalışmalar sınırlı olup, bu alandaki araştırmaların büyük bölümü Batı ve Yahudi-Hristiyan toplumlar üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye örneği üzerinden bireylerin Allah algılarının ahlaki, siyasal ve dinî ideolojik yönelimleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, Tanrı tasavvurunun iki temel boyutuna odaklanmaktadır: Allah’ın insan hayatına müdahil olduğu algısı ile Allah’ın otoriter ya da hiyerarşik bir varlık olarak algılanması. Çalışmada, 2008 yılı ISSP Religion III araştırmasının Türkiye örneklemine ait veriler kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, Allah’a ilişkin algıların bireylerin toplumsal konulara yönelik tutumlarıyla anlamlı ilişkiler içinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Analiz sonuçları, Allah’ın insan hayatına aktif biçimde müdahil olduğuna dair algının, özellikle cinsellik ve kürtaj gibi alanlarda ahlaki mutlakiyetçilikle güçlü biçimde ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşılık, Allah’ın otoriter veya hiyerarşik bir varlık olarak algılanması, özellikle dinî dış gruplarla ilişkili kişilerarası ve siyasal bağlamlarda daha düşük düzeyde dinî hoşgörü ile ilişkilidir. Bu çalışma, mevcut literatürü destekleyen bulgular sunmakta ve farklı dinî bağlamlar arasında karşılaştırmalı analizlere katkı sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• tanrı
• tasavvur
• ahlak
• Türkiye

Images of God and moral-ideological attitudes: Evidence from Türkiye

Öz

Few studies have examined how perceptions of God shape people's attitudes toward social issues, and most studies were conducted in Western and Judeo-Christian nations. The present study focuses on Türkiye, a predominantly Muslim country, and analyzes how individuals' perceptions of Allah (God) are associated with their political, moral, and religious ideological preferences. The analysis focuses on two aspects of God's images: perceptions of God as engaged in human affairs and perceptions of God as authoritative or hierarchical, using data from the Turkish sample of the 2008 ISSP Religion III survey. The results reveal that images of Allah's measures are linked to individuals’ attitudes towards social issues, which supports previous findings. Multivariate analyses indicate that images of God as actively involved in human affairs are strongly associated with moral absolutism, particularly regarding sexuality and abortion, net of religiosity and sociodemographic factors. By contrast, conceptions of God as authoritative or hierarchical are most strongly associated with lower levels of religious tolerance, particularly in interpersonal and political contexts involving religious out-groups. This study is also consistent with the prior literature and offers the prospect of making cultural comparisons between Christian and Muslim nations more idealistically.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• God Images
• Moral Attitudes
• Religious Liberality
• Political Ideology
• Turkey

Kaynakça

1. Acevedo, G. A., Ellison, C. G., & Yilmaz, M. (2015). Religion and Child-Rearing Values in Turkey. Journal of Family Issues, 36(12), 1595–1623. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13504921
2. Alagöz, E., & Tonkuş, M. B. (2025). Psychometric Properties of the Belief in Divine Retribution Scale: Turkish Version, Validity, and Reliability Study in Turkey. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-025-02471-8
3. Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. Simon and Schuster.
4. Bedir, F. N. (2017). Yetişkinlerin Çocukluk Anılarındaki Tanrı İmgesinin Analizi. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(32), Article 32. https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.379046
5. Bozkuş-Demir, O., & Akgün, S. (2024). Mediating role of binding moral foundations between dogmatism, social dominance orientation and perceived threat from Syrian asylum seekers in Turkey. Current Psychology, 43(30), 24890–24905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06179-y
6. Bradshaw, M., Ellison, C. G., & Marcum, J. P. (2010). Attachment to God, Images of God, and Psychological Distress in a Nationwide Sample of Presbyterians. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 20(2), 130–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508611003608049
7. Bradshaw, M., Kent, B. V., Henderson, W. M., & Setar, A. C. (2019). Attachment to God and Social Trust. Sociological Perspectives, 62(6), 1001–1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121419870775 Çarkoğlu, A., & Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2009). The rising tide of conservatism. Palgrave London.
8. Dickie, J. R., Eshleman, A. K., Merasco, D. M., Shepard, A., Wilt, M. V., & Johnson, M. (1997). Parent-Child Relationships and Children’s Images of God. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(1), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387880

9. Dokur, A. S., Duran, M. E., & Meydan, H. (2021). Türkiye’de Dindarlığın Görünümü: Dünya Değerler Araştırması Verileri Üzerine Boylamsal Bir Analiz. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 21(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.948559
10. Froese, P., & Bader, C. (2008). Unraveling Religious Worldviews: The Relationship between Images of God and Political Ideology in a Cross-Cultural Analysis. The Sociological Quarterly, 49(4), 689–718. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40220109
11. Froese, P., & Bader, C. (2010). America’s four gods: What we say about God-- & what thatsays about us. Oxford University Press.
12. Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Hunter, J. D. (1991). Culture Wars: The Struggle To Define America. Basic Books.
13. ISSP Research Group. (2018). International Social Survey Programme: Religion III - ISSP 2008 (Version 2.3.0) [Dataset]. GESIS Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13161
14. Jamison-Shanks, Z. (2022). The Effects of Religious Commitment on the Loneliness and Authenticity of Single Millennial Women Churchgoers. Doctoral Dissertations and Projects. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/3862
15. Kaya, F., & Yazıcı Çelebi, G. (2025). How does loneliness affect satisfaction with life? What is the role of the perception of God in this interaction? Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1550108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1550108
16. Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005). Attachment, Evolution, and the Psychology of Religion. The Guilford Press.
17. Koohsar, A. A. H., & Bonab, B. G. (2011). Relation between Quality of Image of God with Anxiety and Depression in College Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, The 2nd International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology 2011, 29, 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.234
18. Krause, N., & Ironson, G. (2019). Religious involvement, God images, and life satisfaction. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1586860
19. Mead, G. H. (1972). Mind, self, and society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist. University of Chicago Press.
20. Presson, C. (2025). How Does God Attachment Promote Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth? Doctoral Dissertations and Projects. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/7068
21. Purzycki, B. G., Willard, A. K., Klocová, E. K., Apicella, C., Atkinson, Q., Bolyanatz, A., Cohen, E., Handley, C., Henrich, J., Lang, M., Lesorogol, C., Mathew, S., McNamara, R. A., Moya, C., Norenzayan, A., Placek, C., Soler, M., Vardy, T., Weigel, J., … Ross, C. T. (2022). The moralization bias of gods’ minds: A cross-cultural test. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 12(1–2), 38–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2021.2006291
22. Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2011). Mean Gods Make Good People: Different Views of God Predict Cheating Behavior. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 21(2), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2011.556990
23. Silton, N. R., Flannelly, K. J., Galek, K., & Ellison, C. G. (2014). Beliefs about God and mental health among American adults. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(5), 1285–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9712-3