TERCİH EDİLEN BİR FONKSİYON OLARAK AMERİKAN YAŞAM TARZI VE GÖÇMEN ERGEN DEPRESYONU

Öz

Sağlık eşitsizlikleri göçmen ergenleri etkilemesine rağmen göçmen ergen ruh sağlığında ebeveyn kültürleşmesinin rolü belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada Göçmen Çocuklar Boylamsal Çalışmasından (n=1,765) (Children of Immigrant Longitudinal Study) elde edilen veriler kullanılarak ebeveyn kültürü, sosyal bağlar ve kültürel mirasın önemi ile ergen depresyonu arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Ergen depresyonu, Epidemiyolojik Araştırmalar Merkezi-Depresyon (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression) Ölçeği ile ebeveyn kültürlenmesi ise İngilizce dil yeterlilikleri ve Amerikan yaşam tarzı tercihleri ile ölçülmüştür. Uygulanan regresyon analizi sonucunda, Amerikan yaşam tarzına yönelik ebeveyn tercihinin, diğer faktörlerden bağımsız olarak, daha düşük ergen depresyon seviyeleri ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermiş, ancak ebeveyn İngilizce dil yeterliliği ile ergen depresyon seviyesi arasında bir ilişki görülmemiştir. Göçmen ebeveynler ve çocukları arasındaki Amerikan yaşam tarzı tercihindeki uyumunun, ergen ruh sağlığı için koruyucu olduğu görülmüştür. Ebeveyn kültürlenmesinin farklı boyutlarının incelenmesi ve bunların ergen ruh sağlığıyla ilişkilerinin anlaşılması önemlidir ve daha fazla araştırılmayı gerektirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kültürlenme
• Göçmen
• Ergen
• Ruh sağlığı
• Göçmen çocuklar.

IMMIGRANT ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION AS A FUNCTION OF PREFERENCE FOR AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE

Öz

Health disparities affect immigrant adolescents, but the role of parental acculturation in immigrant adolescent mental health remains unclear. We examined associations of parental acculturation, social ties, and importance of cultural heritage with adolescent depression using data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (n=1,765). Adolescent depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale and parental acculturation with English proficiency and preference for American way of life. Regression analysis results showed parental preference for American way of life to be associated with lower levels of adolescent depression, independently of other factors, but English proficiency had no association. Greater congruence in preference for American lifestyle between immigrant parents and their children appears protective for adolescent mental health. Understanding of different dimensions of parental acculturation and their relationships to adolescent mental health is key and warrants further research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Acculturation
• Immigrant
• Adolescent
• Mental health
• Children of immigrants.

Kaynakça

1. Reference1 Abraido-Lanza, A. F., Armbrister, A. N., Florez, K. R., & Aguirre, A. N. (2006). Toward a theory-driven model of acculturation in public health research. Am J Public Health, 96(8), 1342-1346. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064980
2. Reference2 Avila, R. M., & Bramlett, M. D. (2013). Language and immigrant status effects on disparities in Hispanic children’s health status and access to health care. Maternal and child health journal, 17(3), 415-423.
3. Reference3 Batalova, J., Hanna, M., & Levesque, C. (2021). Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States. Retrieved from
4. Reference4 Bauer, A. M., Chen, C. N., & Alegria, M. (2010). English language proficiency and mental health service use among Latino and Asian Americans with mental disorders. Med Care, 48(12), 1097-1104. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181f80749
5. Reference5 Bauldry, S., & Szaflarski, M. (2017). Immigrant-based Disparities in Mental Health Care Utilization. Socius, 3. doi:10.1177/2378023116685718
6. Reference6 Belhadj Kouider, E., Koglin, U., & Petermann, F. (2015). Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Migrant Children and Adolescents in American Countries: A Systematic Review. J Immigr Minor Health, 17(4), 1240-1258. doi:10.1007/s10903-014-0039-2
7. Reference7 Berry, J. W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International Migration, 30(1/2).
8. Reference8 Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5-68.

9. Reference9 Bey, A., & Norton, M. (2019). The role of parental citizenship status on depression of US citizen children. Journal of prevention & intervention in the community, 1-10.
10. Reference10 Blewett, L. A., Johnson, P. J., & Mach, A. L. (2010). Immigrant children's access to health care: differences by global region of birth. J Health Care Poor Underserved, 21(2 Suppl), 13-31. doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0315
11. Reference11 Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste: Harvard University Press.
12. Reference12 Breslau, J., Gilman, S. E., Stein, B. D., Ruder, T., Gmelin, T., & Miller, E. (2017). Sex differences in recent first-onset depression in an epidemiological sample of adolescents. Transl Psychiatry, 7(5), e1139. doi:10.1038/tp.2017.105
13. Reference13 Capps, R., Fix, M., & Zong, J. (2016). A profile of US children with unauthorized immigrant parents: Migration Policy Institute Washington, DC.
14. Reference14 Child Trends. (2018). Immigrant children. Retrieved from https://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=immigrant-children
15. Reference15 Choi, Y., & Harachi, T. (2008). Intergenerational Cultural Dissonance, Parent–Child Conflict and Bonding, and Youth Problem Behaviors among Vietnamese and Cambodian Immigrant Families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 85-96. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9217-z
16. Reference16 Cockerham, W. C. (2013a). Bourdieu and an update of health lifestyle theory. In W. C. Cockerham (Ed.), Medical sociology on the move (pp. 127-154). New York, NY: Springer.
17. Reference17 Cockerham, W. C. (2013b). Bourdieu and an Update of Health Lifestyle Theory. In W. C. Cockerham (Ed.), Medical Sociology on the Move: New Directions in Theory (pp. 127-154). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
18. Reference18 Dubowitz, T., Bates, L. M., & Acevedo-Gracia, D. (2010). The Latino health paradox: looking at the intersectionality of sociology and health. In C. E. Bird, P. Conrad, A. M. Fremont, & S. Timmermans (Eds.), Handbook of Medical Sociology (pp. 106-123). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
19. Reference19 Filion, N., Fenelon, A., & Boudreaux, M. (2018). Immigration, citizenship, and the mental health of adolescents. PLoS One, 13(5), e0196859. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196859
20. Reference20 Holder, M. K., & Blaustein, J. D. (2014). Puberty and adolescence as a time of vulnerability to stressors that alter neurobehavioral processes. Front Neuroendocrinol, 35(1), 89-110. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.10.004
21. Reference21 Hovey, J. D., & Magana, C. (2000). Acculturative stress, anxiety, and depression among Mexican immigrant farmworkers in the midwest United States. J Immigr Health, 2(3), 119-131. doi:10.1023/A:1009556802759
22. Reference22 Hueston, C. M., Cryan, J. F., & Nolan, Y. M. (2017). Stress and adolescent hippocampal neurogenesis: diet and exercise as cognitive modulators. Transl Psychiatry, 7(4), e1081. doi:10.1038/tp.2017.48
23. Reference23 Jo, H. (2013). Habitus Transformation: Immigrant Mother’s Cultural Translation of Educational Strategies in Korea. Asia-Pacific Education, Language Minorities and Migration (ELMM) Network Working Paper Series. 7. Retrieved from :http://repository.upenn.edu/elmm/
24. Reference24 Kim, J., Nicodimos, S., Kushner, S. E., Rhew, I. C., McCauley, E., & Vander Stoep, A. (2018). Comparing Mental Health of US Children of Immigrants and Non-Immigrants in 4 Racial/Ethnic Groups. J Sch Health, 88(2), 167-175. doi:10.1111/josh.12586
25. Reference25 Kim, S. Y., Schwartz, S. J., Perreira, K. M., & Juang, L. P. (2018). Culture's Influence on Stressors, Parental Socialization, and Developmental Processes in the Mental Health of Children of Immigrants. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 14, 343-370. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084925
26. Reference26 Lee, S., & Matejkowski, J. (2012). Mental health service utilization among noncitizens in the United States: findings from the National Latino and Asian American Study. Adm Policy Ment Health, 39(5), 406-418. doi:10.1007/s10488-011-0366-8
27. Reference27 Leong, F., Park, Y. S., & Kalibatseva, Z. (2013). Disentangling immigrant status in mental health: psychological protective and risk factors among Latino and Asian American immigrants. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 83(2 Pt 3), 361-371. doi:10.1111/ajop.12020
28. Reference28 Lopez, G., Bialik, K., & Radford, J. (2018). Key Findings About U.S. Immigrants. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/11/30/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/
29. Reference29 Migration Policy Institute (MPI). (2018). Children of U.S. immigrant families (by age group and state, 1990 versus 2018). https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/children-immigrant-families. Accessed 2 April 2020.
30. Reference30 National Academies of Sciences, E., and Medicine. (2018). Immigration as a social determinant of health: proceedings of a workshop. https://doi.org/10.17226/25204. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
31. Reference31 Organista, P. B., Organista, K. C., & Kurasaki, K. (2003). The relationship between acculturation and ethnic minority health. In K. M. Chun, P. B. Organista, & G. Marín (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 139-161). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
32. Reference32 Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
33. Reference33 Puyat, J. H. (2013). Is the influence of social support on mental health the same for immigrants and non-immigrants? J Immigr Minor Health, 15(3), 598-605. doi:10.1007/s10903-012-9658-7
34. Reference34 Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
35. Reference35 Rumbaut, R. G. (2004). Ages, Life Stages, and Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1160–1205.
36. Reference36 Rumbaut, R. G. (2005). Assimilation, dissimilation, and ethnic identities: the experience of children of immigrants in the United States. In M. Rutter & M. Tienda (Eds.), Ehtnicity and Causal Mechanisms (pp. 301-334). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
37. Reference37 Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010). Rethinking the concept of acculturation: implications for theory and research. Am Psychol, 65(4), 237-251. doi:10.1037/a0019330
38. Reference38 Schwartz, S. J., Waterman, A. S., Umana-Taylor, A. J., Lee, R. M., Kim, S. Y., Vazsonyi, A. T., . . . Williams, M. K. (2013). Acculturation and well-being among college students from immigrant families. J Clin Psychol, 69(4), 298-318. doi:10.1002/jclp.21847
39. Reference39 Shen, Y. (2020). Immigrant parent’s religiosity and the second-generation children’s adaptation. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 824-835.
40. Reference40 Siemons, R., Raymond-Flesh, M., Auerswald, C., & Brindis, C. (2016). Coming of age on the margins: mental health and wellbeing among Latino young adults eligible for deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA). J Immigr Health, 2017(19), 543-551.
41. Reference41 Sirin, S. R., Sin, E., Clingain, C., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2019). Acculturative Stress and Mental Health: Implications for Immigrant-Origin Youth. Pediatr Clin North Am, 66(3), 641-653. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2019.02.010
42. Reference42 StataCorp. (2013). Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp, LP.
43. Reference43 Szaflarski, M., & Bauldry, S. (2019). The Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Immigrant and Refugee Physical and Mental Health. Adv Med Sociol, 19, 173-204. doi:10.1108/S1057-629020190000019009
44. Reference44 Szaflarski, M., Cubbins, L. A., Bauldry, S., Meganathan, K., Klepinger, D. H., & Somoza, E. (2016). Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia at the Intersection of Nativity and Racial-Ethnic Origins. J Immigr Minor Health, 18(4), 749-763. doi:10.1007/s10903-015-0293-y
45. Reference45 Szaflarski, M., & Ying, J. (2007). Immigrant status, poverty, and health. In B. A. Arrighi & D. J. Maume (Eds.), Child Poverty in America Today (Vol. 2, pp. 106-129). Westport, CT: Praeger.
46. Reference46 Takeuchi, D. T. (2016). Vintage Wine in New Bottles: Infusing Select Ideas into the Study of Immigration, Immigrants, and Mental Health. J Health Soc Behav, 57(4), 423-435. doi:10.1177/0022146516672050
47. Reference47 Takeuchi, D. T., Zane, N., Hong, S., Chae, D. H., Gong, F., Gee, G. C., . . . Alegria, M. (2007). Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Americans. Am J Public Health, 97(1), 84-90. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088401
48. Reference48 Thomas, R., Williams, M., Sharma, H., Chaudry, A., & Bellamy, P. (2014). A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial evaluating the effect of a polyphenol-rich whole food supplement on PSA progression in men with prostate cancer--the U.K. NCRN Pomi-T study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 17(2), 180-186. doi:10.1038/pcan.2014.6
49. Reference49 Turner, J. B., & Turner, R. J. (2013). Social relations, social integration, and social support. In C. S. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 341-356). New York, NY: Springer.
50. Reference50 Walters, G. D. (2019). Acculturation and crime: Protecting the male and female offspring of US immigrants against future arrest and incarceration. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(4), 455-466.
51. Reference51 Wheaton, B. (1990). Life transitions, role histories, and mental health. American Sociological Review, 55(2), 209-223.
52. Reference52 Wheeler, L. A., Arora, P. G., & Delgado, M. Y. (2020). The Distal Role of Adolescents’ Awareness of and Perceived Discrimination on Young Adults’ Socioeconomic Attainment among Mexican-Origin Immigrant Families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(12), 2441-2458.
53. Reference53 Williams, D. R. (2012). Miles to go before we sleep: racial inequities in health. J Health Soc Behav, 53(3), 279-295. doi:10.1177/0022146512455804
54. Reference54 Ying, Y.-W., & Han, M. (2008). Parental Acculturation, Parental Involvement, Intergenerational Relationship and Adolescent Outcomes in Immigrant Filipino American Families. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 6(1), 112-131. doi:10.1080/15362940802119351
55. Reference55 Yoshikawa, H., Suzarez-Orosco, C., & Gonzales, R. G. (2016). Unauthorized status and youth development in the United States: Consensus Statement of the Society for Research on Adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27, 4-16.
56. Reference56 Zhou, M. (2001). The acculturation of Vietnamese refugee children. In R. G. Rumbaut & A. Portes (Eds.), Ethnicities: Children of immigrants in America (pp. 187-228): University of California Press.