TÜRKİYE’DEKİ ALAN YAZINDA GİRİŞİMCİ EĞİLİMİ PROFİLİ ÜZERİNE NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 1284 - 1313, 02.10.2022

Melike Turhan

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.987707

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki alan yazında bireydeki girişimcilik eğilimi davranışını ön plana çıkaran akademik çalışmaların profilinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma verisini Ulakbim- Dergipark, Tr dizin ve Yök Ulusal Tez Merkezi veri tabanlarında konuyla ilgili son on yılda yazılmış 240 akademik araştırma oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak; veriler Maxqda 2021 lisanslı nitel analiz programıyla analiz edilmiştir. Detaylı okumaların sonucunda analizlerde, yapılan kodlamaların bazı temalar altında yoğunlaştığı görülmüştür. Araştırmaların, uygulama sahasında Türkiye’nin tüm bölgelerinde kavramın araştırıldığı; fakat örneklem grubun da ise ağırlıklı öğrencilerin incelendiği görülmüştür. Alan yazında girişimcilik eğiliminde bireyin demografik özelliklerinin, kişiliğin, eğitimin ve niyetinin etkisinin vurguladığı sonuçlar arasındadır. Elde edilen bulguların, kavramın literatürdeki gelişiminde tekrara düşülmesinin önlenebilmesi ve uygulayıcılara ışık tutacağı beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Girişimcilik Eğilimi, Girişimcilik, Girişimci Davranış, Girişimci Birey

Kaynakça

• Acs, Z. & Audretsch, D. (2006). Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: An Interdisciplinary Survey and Introduction. Springer Science and Business Media.
• Ahmed, T., Chandran, V.G.R., Klobas, J.E., Liñán, F. & P. Kokkalis (2020). Entrepreneurship Education Programmes: How Learning, Inspiration and Resources Affect Intentions for New Venture Creation in a Developing Economy. The International Journal of Management Education, 18(1), 1-13.
• Akyar, D. & Sarıkaya, R. (2020). Türkiye’deki Girişimcilik Kavramına Yönelik Eğitim Alanında Yapılan Lisansüstü Tezlerin İçerik Analizi. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(3), 979-1018.
• Alam, M. Z., Kousar, S. & Rehman, C.A. (2019). Role of Entrepreneurial Motivation on Entrepreneurial Intentions and Behaviour: Theory of Planned Behaviour Extension on Engineering Students in Pakistan. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(50), 1-20.
• Arora, P., Haynie, J.M. & Laurence, G.A. (2011). Counterfactual Thinking and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem and Dispositional Affect. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(2), 359-385.
• Audretsch, D.B. (2007). Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(1), 63-78.
• Autio, E., Keeley, R.H., Klofsten, M., Parker, G.G.C. & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial Intent Among Students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145-160.
• Aydemir, B. & Ortay, S. (2017). Otelcilik ve Turizm Yönetimi Dergilerinde Yayınlanan Girişimcilik Araştırmalarının Gelişimi (2007-2015). Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 12(2), 91-97.
• Bagozzi, R.P., Baumgartner, J. & Yi, Y. (1989). An Investigation into the Role of Intentions as Mediators of the Attıtude-Behavior Relationship. Journal of Economic Psychology, 10(1), 35-62.
• Baron, R.A. (2004). The Cognitive Perspective: A Valuable Tool for Answering Entrepreneurship’s Basic ‘‘Why’’ Questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 221-239.
• Baron, R.A. (2006). Opportunity Recognition as Pattern Recognition: How Entrepreneurs “Connect the Dots” to Identify New Business Opportunities. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 104-119.
• Baum, J.R., Frese, M., Baron, R.A. & Katz, J.A. (2007). Entrepreneurship as an Area of Psychology Study: An Introduction. Baum, J.R., Frese, M. and Baron, R.A. (eds.), The Psychology of Entrepreneurship. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1-18.
• Begley, T. & Boyd, D. (1987). Psychological Characteristics Associated with Performance in Entrepreneurial Firms and Smaller Businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(1), 79-93.
• Berg, B. & Lune, H. (2015). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Çev. Hasan Aydın. Konya: Eğitim Kitabevi.
• Bernardus, D., Murwani, F.D., Ardyan, E., Padmawidjaja, L., Aji, I.D.K., Jatiperwira, S.Y., Kusumojanto, D.D., Wardoyo, C. & Hermanto, Y.B. (2020). Which Psychological Characteristics Strengthen “The Entrepreneurial Intention-Action Relationship”?: An Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Cogent Business and Management, 7(1), 1-19.
• Bird, B., Schjoedt, L. & Baum, J.R. (2012). Editor’s Introduction. Entrepreneurs Behavior: Elucidation and Measurement. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(5), 889-913.
• Bjørnskov, C. & Foss, N. (2013). How Strategic Entrepreneurship and the Institutional Context Drive Economic Growth. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 7(1), 50-69.
• Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. (2007). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods. Boston: Pearson.
• Brockhaus, R. (1987). Entrepreneurial Folklore. Journal of Small Business Management, 25(1), 1-6.
• Busenitz, L. (2007). Progress in Understanding Entrepreneurial Behavior. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1-2), 183-185.
• Bygrave, W.D. (2011). The Portable MBA in Entrepreneurship, Fourth Edition, 1-26.
• Caird, S. (1991a). Research Note: The Enterprising Tendency of Occupational Groups. International Small Business Journal, 9(4), 75-181.
• Caird, S. (1992). Problems with The Identification of Enterprise Competencies and The Implications for Assessment and Development. Management Education and Development, 23(1), 6-17.
• Cantillon, R. (1931). Essai Sur La Nature Du Commerce En generale. Higgs, H. (ed.), Essay on the Nature of Trade in General. London: Macmillan for Royal Economic Society.
• Certo, S. T., Moss, T. W., & Short, J. C. (2009). Entrepreneurial Orientation: An Applied Perspective. Business Horizons, 52(4), 319-324.
• Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75–87.
• Covin, J. & Lumpkin, T. (2011). Entrepreneurial Orientation Theory and Research: Reflections on a Needed Construct. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 855-872.
• Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles, USA: Sage.
• Cromie, S., Callaghan, I., & Jansen, M. (1992). The Entrepreneurial Tendencies of Managers: A Research Note. British Journal of Management, 3(1), 1-5.
• Cropley, A. (2002). Qualitative Research Methods: An Introduction for Students of Psychology and Education. University of Latvia: Zinatne.
• Dileo, I. & Pereiro, T.G. (2018). Assessing The Impact of Individual and Context Factors on The Entrepreneurial Process. A Cross-Country Multilevel Approach. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(1), 1-49.
• Do, B.-R. & Dadvari, A. (2017). The Influence of The Dark Triad on The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation and Entrepreneurial Intention: A Study Among Students in Taiwan University. Asia Pacific Management Review, 22(4), 185-191.
• Elo, S. & Helvi, K. (2007). The Qualitative Content Analysis Process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115.
• Eser, G. & Yıldız, M. (2015). Türkiye’de Girişimcilik Araştırmalarının Odağı Nedir? – Yazın Üzerine Bir İnceleme – . Öneri Dergisi, 11(43), 91-117.
• Fayolle, A., Gailly, B. & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Programmes: A New Methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701-720.
• Fayolle, A. & Liñán, F. (2014). The Future of Research on Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663-666.
• Fellnhofer, K. & Kraus, S. (2015). Examining Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship Education: A Comparative Analysis Among Experts. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 7(4), 396-411.
• Ferreira, J.J.M., Fernandes, C.I. & Kraus, S. (2017). Entrepreneurship Research: Mapping Intellectual Structures and Research Trends. Review of Managerial Science, 13(1), 181-205.
• Forman, J. & Damschroder, L. (2007). Qualitative Content Analysis. Advances in Bioethics, 11(1), 39-62.
• Galindo, M.-A. & Méndez, M.T. (2014). Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth, and Innovation: Are Feedback Effects at Work?. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 825-829.
• Gelderen, M.V., Kautonen, T., Wincent, J. & Biniari, M. (2017). Implementation Intentions in the Entrepreneurial Process: Concept, Empirical Findings, and Research Agenda. Small Business Economics, 51(4), 923-941.
• Gieure, C., Espinosa, M.M.B. & Dobon, S.R. (2015). The Entrepreneurial Process: The Link Between Intentions and Behavior. Journal of Business Research, 112(1), 541-548.
• Gözüm, A. (2019). Girişimcilik Alanında Yazılan Akademik Makalelerin Kategorik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi: Girişimciliğin Türkiye’deki Akademik Örüntüsü. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 367-385.
• Guest, G., MacQueen, K.M. & Namey, E.E. (2012). Applied Thematic Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Hatthakijphong, P. & Ting, H.I. (2019). Prioritizing Successful Entrepreneurial Skills: An Emphasis on The Perspectives of Entrepreneurs Versus Aspiring Entrepreneurs. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 34(1), 1-13.
• Hebert, R. & Link, A. (2009). A History of Entrepreneurship. London, Routledge.
• Hisrich, R., Langan-Fox, J & Grant, S. (2007). Entrepreneurship Research and Practice: A Call to Action for Psychology. American Pscyhologist, 62(6), 575-589.
• Hodder, I. (2000). The Interpretation of Documents and Material Culture. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Edts.) Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
• Hsieh, H.-F. & Shannon, S. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
• Işık, C., Çelebi, S.K., Enser, İ., Küçükaltan, E.G., Çalkın, Ö. & Çelik, A. (2019). Turizm ve Girişimcilik Alanında Yapılmış Çalışmaların Bibliyometrik Analizi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 119-149.
• Jelonek, D. (2015). The Role of Open Innovations in The Development of E-Entrepreneurship. Procedia Computer Science, 65(1), 1013-1022.
• Karadal, H., Duman, N. & Saygın, M. (2017). Girişimcilik Yazını: Türkiye’deki Lisansüstü Tezlere Yönelik Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 16. Ulusal İşletmecilik Kongresi, 137-148.
• Kautonen, T., Gelderen, M.V. & Fink, M. (2013). Robustness of The Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655-674.
• Kibler, E., Kautonen, T. & Fink, M. (2014). Regional Social Legitimacy of Entrepreneurship: Implications for Entrepreneurial Intention and Start-Up Behaviour. Regional Studies, 48(6), 995-1015.
• Kirzner, I. (1985). Discovery and The Capitalist Process. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
• Knight, F. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Washington, DC, Beard Books.
• Koh, H.C. (1996). Testing Hypotheses of Entrepreneurial Characteristics: A Study of Hong Kong MBA Students. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 11(3), 12-25.
• Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., & Weaver, K. M. (2002). Assessing The Psychometric Properties of The Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale: A Multi-Country Analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 26(4), 71–94.
• Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd. Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Krueger, N.F., Reilly, M.D. & Carsrud, A.L. (2000). Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432.
• Krueger, N.F. (2007). What Lies Beneath? The Experiential Essence of Entrepreneurial Thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 123-138.
• Kuratko, D.F. (2005). The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Education: Development, Trends and Challenges. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 577-598.
• Kuratko, D., & Hodgetts, R. (2004). Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, Practice (6th ed.). Mason: Thomson South-Western.
• Le Compte, M.D. & Goetz, J.P. (1982). Problems of Reliability and Validity in Ethnographic Reserach. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31-60.
• Liñán, F., Nabi, G. & Krueger, N.F. (2013). British and Spanish Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Comparative Study. Revista de Economía Mundial, 33(1), 73-103.
• Liñán, F. & Fayolle, A. (2015). A Systematic Literature Review on Entrepreneurial Intentions: Citation, Thematic Analyses and Research Agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907-933. Lortie, J. & Castogiovanni, G. (2015). The Theory of Planned Behavior in Entrepreneurship Research: What We Know and Future Directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(1), 935-957.
• Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying The Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
• Lyons, R., Lynn, T., & Bhaird, C. (2015). Individual Level Assessment in Entrepreneurship Education: An Investigation of Theories and Techniques. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 18(1), 136-156.
• Maden, C. (2015). A Gendered Lens on Entrepreneurship: Women Entrepreneurship in Turkey. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30(4), 312-331.
• Mahfud, T., Triyono, M.B., Sudira, P. & Mulyani, Y. (2019). The Influence of Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Onentrepreneurial Intentions: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 26(1), 33-39.
• Maksudunov, A. (2016). Girişimcilik Kongresinin Bildiri Kitaplarında Yer Alan Araştırmaların İçerik Analizi ve Genel Değerlendirmesi. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(5), 75-86.
• Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Mazzarol, T. (2007). Awakening The Entrepreneur: An Examination of Entrepreneurial Orientation Among MBA Students. Paper Presented at The EFMD 37th Entrepreneurship, Innovation & Small Business (EISB) Annual Conference, 13–14 September 2007, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
• Mazzarol, T. & Reboud, S. (2020). Entrepreneurship and Innovation. Fourth Edition, Singapore: Springer.
• McGee, J.E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S.L. & Sequeira, J.M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Selfefficacy: Refining The Measure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4), 965-988.
• McGrath, R.G. & MacMillan, I. (2000). The Entrepreneurial Mindset. Boston, Harvard Business School Press.
• McMullan, W.E., Long, W.A. & Graham, J.B. (1986). Assessing Economic Value Added by University-Based New Venture Outreach Programs. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(2), 225-240.
• McMullen, J. & Shepherd, D. (2006). Entrepreneurial Action and The Role of Uncertainty in The Theory of The Entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 132-152.
• Meoli, A., Fini, R., Sobrero, M. & Wiklund, J. (2019). How Entrepreneurial Intentions Influence Entrepreneurial Career Choices: The Moderating Influence of Social Contex. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(3), 1-20.
• Meyer, M., Libaers, D., Thijs, B., Grant, K., Glanzel, W. & Debackere, K. (2013). Origin and Emergence of Entrepreneurship as a Research Field. Scientometrics, 98(1), 473-485.
• Micozzi, A. & Lucarelli, C. (2016). Heterogeneity in Entrepreneurial Intent: The Role of Gender Across Countries. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 173-194.
• Miles, M. & Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
• Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (2016). Genişletilmiş Bir Kaynak Kitap: Nitel Veri Analizi (S. Akbaba-Altun & A. Ersoy, Çev. Ed.) Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Nzembayie, K.F. & Buckley, A.P. (2020). Entrepreneurial Process Studies Using Insider Action Research: Opportunities and Challenges for Entrepreneurship Scholarship. European Management Review, 17(3), 803-815.
• Neneh, B. N. (2019). From Entrepreneurial Intentions to Behavior: The Role of Anticipated Regret and Proactive Personality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112(1), 311-324.
• Olmos, R. & Castillo, M. (2015). Personality Traits Versus Work Values: Comparing Psychological Theories on Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1595-1598.
• Örge, Ö., Yener, M.İ., Aykol, S. & Göğüş, C.I. (2009). Girişimci mi, Girişimcilik mi? Girişimcilik Çalışmalarında Bireyin Yüceltilmesi. 17. Ulusal Yonetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiri Kitapcığı, 21-23 Mayıs, Eskişehir. 72-76.
• Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
• Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Yöntemleri (M. Bütün & S. B. Demir, Çev. Ed.) Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Phan, P., Zhou, J. & Abrahamson, E. (2010). Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship in China. Management and Organization Review, 6(2), 175-194.
• Ratan, J.S.D. & Lenartowicz, T. (2019). Cognitive Flexibility: Impact on Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115(1), 1-17.
• Rauch, A. & Frese, M. (2007). Let’s Put The Person Back into Entrepreneurship Research: A Meta-Analysis on The Relationship Between Business Owners’ Personality Traits, Business Creation and Success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 353-385.
• Rossman, G.B. & Wilson, B.L. (1985). Numbers and Words: Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in a Single Large-Scale Evaluation Study. Evaluation Review, 9(5), 627-643.
• Rotefoss, B. & Kolvereid, L. (2005). Aspiring, Nascent and Fledgling Entrepreneurs: An Investigation of The Business Start-Up Process. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 17(2), 109-127.
• Say, J.B. (1845). A Treatise on Political Economy. 4th Edition, Philadelphia, Grigg and Elliot.
• Schumpeter, J. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
• Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
• Sharam, M. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco, John Wiley-Sons.
• Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-Behavior Relations: A Conceptual and Empirical Review. European Review of Social Psychology, 12(1), 1-36.
• Shirokova, G., Osiyevskyy, O. & Bogatyreva, K. (2015). Exploring The Intention-Behavior Link in Student Entrepreneurship: Moderating Effects of Individual and Environmental Characteristics. European Management Journal, 34(4), 1-14.
• Smith, R., Bell, R., & Watts, H. (2014). Personality Trait Differences Between Traditional and Social Entrepreneurs. Social Enterprise Journal, 10(3), 200-221.
• Stevenson, H., & Jarillo, J. (1990). A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management. Strategic Management Journal, 11 (Special Issue), 17-27.
• Timmons, J. & Spinelli, S. (2002). New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for The 21st Century. Boston, Irwin McGraw-Hill.
• Tuan, N.A., Ha, D.T.H., Thao, V.T.B., Anh, D.K. & Long, N.H. (2019). Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Youths in Vietnam. Children and Youth Services Review, 99(1), 186-193.
• Vamvaka, V., Stoforos, C., Palaskas, T. & Botsaris, C. (2020). Attitude Toward Entrepreneurship, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Entrepreneurial Intention: Dimensionality, Structural Relationships, and Gender Differences. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(5), 1-26.
• Van Stel, A., Carree, M. & Thurik, R. (2005). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 311-321.
• Wach, D., Kruse, P., Costa, S. & Moriano, J.A. (2021). Exploring Social and Commercial Entrepreneurial Intentions from Theory of Planned Behaviour Perspective: A Cross-Country Study Among Namibian and German Students. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1-22.
• Wiley, B. (2017). The Wiley Handbook of Entrepreneurship. Ahmetoğlu, G., Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (eds.), An Individual Differences Approach to Studying Entrepreneurial Tendencies NY: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 231-255.
• Yalçın, İ. & İşcan, Y.M. (2021). Türkiye’de 2009-2018 Yılları Arasında KOBİ’ler ve Girişimcilik Üzerine Yapılan Araştırmaların Değerlendirilmesi. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 244-260.
• Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (6. Baskı). Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (10. Baskı). Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Zhang, Y., Duysters, G. and Cloodt, M. (2014). The Role of Entrepreneurship Education as a Predictor of University Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(3), 623-641.