Investigation of the mechanical and optical properties of different colored PLA materials produced by 3D printers

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 837 - 845, 15.07.2025

Mustafa Samet Özkara , Furkan Güneş , Erhan Baysal , Furkan Parmaksız , Nergizhan Anaç , Oğuz Koçar

https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1643581

Öz

3D printing is one of the popular additive manufacturing methods. Filament materials and added additives (colorants, plasticizers, fillers, etc.) used in 3D printers affect the production process as well as the visual, mechanical, and optical properties of the product. This study was conducted to help researchers using 3D printers understand the relationship between strength, color, and surface structures (glossy, matte) in printed products. Parts were printed using eight different colors of PLA Plus filament (white, orange, pink, light blue, red, golden yellow, black and brown) with 100% infill. Surface roughness, mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and hardness), and optical properties (color and gloss) were analyzed. The highest tensile and flexural strength values were found in white filament (59.06 MPa and 108.75 N, respectively). This color also had the highest hardness (86.28 Shore D), the lowest surface roughness (2.95 µm), and the glossiest surface. The results indicate that filament colors significantly affect mechanical properties, and 3D printer users should consider color selection in production.

Anahtar Kelimeler

3D printing , PLA Plus , Mechanical properties , Surface roughness , Optical properties

3B yazıcılarda üretilmiş farklı renkli PLA malzemelerin mekanik ve optik özelliklerinin incelenmesi

Öz

3B yazdırma işlemi, popüler eklemeli imalat yöntemlerinden biridir. 3B yazıcılarda kullanılan filament malzemeleri ve eklenen katkı maddeleri (renklendiriciler, plastikleştiriciler, dolgu malzemeleri vs.) üretim sürecini, ürünün görsel, mekanik ve optik özelliklerini etkileyen unsurlardır. Bu çalışma 3B yazıcıda üretim yapan araştırmacıların ürünlerde mukavemet, renk ve yüzey yapıları (parlak, mat) arasındaki ilişkiyi anlaması için yapılmıştır. Sekiz farklı renk PLA Plus filament (beyaz, turuncu, pembe, açık mavi, kırmızı, altın sarı, siyah ve kahverengi) ile %100 doluluk oranında parçalar basılmış ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü, mekanik (çekme, eğme ve sertlik) ve optik özellikler (renk ve parlaklık) incelenmiştir. Deneylerde, en iyi çekme ve eğme mukavemeti beyaz filamentte sırasıyla 59.06 MPa ve 108.75 N olarak bulunmuştur. Bu renk malzemede en yüksek sertlik değeri (86.28 Shore D), en düşük yüzey pürüzlülüğü (2.95 µm) ve en parlak yüzey ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar filament renklerinin mekanik özelliklerde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ve 3B yazıcı kullanıcılarının üretimde renkleri dikkate alması gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

3B baskı , PLA Plus , Mekanik özellikler , Yüzey pürüzlülüğü , Optik özellikler

Kaynakça

• Onlinefilament, Filament nedir? filament çeşitleri nelerdir?,https://www.onlinefilament.com/blog/icerik/filament-nedir-filament-cesitleri-nelerdir?srsltid=Af mBOoqDV_DP5ac07caSfEk7Q5MoOmg-QaiP90Z 1SB3IKaZJW4575MYB, Erişim 3 Kasım 2024.
• R. Narain, Polymer Science and Nanotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2020.
• Y. Kuruoğlu, M. Akgün, H. Demir, FDM yöntemiyle üretilen ABS, PLA ve PETG numunelerin yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve çekme dayanımının modellenmesi ve optimizasyonu. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 6(3), 358-369, 2022. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1148923.
• M.S. Kamer, Ş. Temiz, H. Yaykaşlı, A. Kaya, 3 Boyutlu yazıcı ile farklı renklerde ve farklı dolgu desenlerinde üretilen çekme test numunelerinin mekanik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 26(3), 829-848, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.887786.
• J.B. Soares, J. Finamor, F.P. Silva, L. Roldo, L.H. Cândido, Analysis of the influence of polylactic acid (PLA) colour on FDM 3D printing temperature and part finishing. Rapid Prototyping Journal 24(8), 1305-1316, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-09-2017-0177.
• A.P. Valerga, M. Batista, J. Salguero, F. Girot, Influence of PLA filament conditions on characteristics of FDM parts. Materials 11(8), 1322, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081322.
• M.M. Hanon, L. Zsidai, Comprehending the role of process parameters and filament color on the structure and tribological performance of 3D printed PLA. Journal of materials research and technology 15, 647-660, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.061.
• I. Tamașag, C. Suciu, I. Beșliu-Băncescu, C. Dulucheanu, D.-A. Cerlincă, Experimental study on the possibilities of FDM direct colour printing and its implications on mechanical properties and surface quality of the resulting parts. Polymers 14(23), 5173, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235173.
• R. Hamid, N. Marnyi, F. Hamezah, T. Ito, S. Linke, Effect of different PLA filament colours and process parameters towards the tensile strength of 3d printed parts. Proceedings of Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology (MUCET), 168-169, 2021.
• D. Frunzaverde, V. Cojocaru, N. Bacescu, C.-R. Ciubotariu, C.-O. Miclosina, R.R. Turiac, G. Marginean, The influence of the layer height and the filament color on the dimensional accuracy and the tensile strength of FDM-printed PLA specimens. Polymers 15(10), 2377, 2023. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/polym15102377.
• A. Pandžić, D. Hodžić, A. Milovanović, Influence of material colour on mechanical properties of PLA material in FDM technology. Proceedings of the 30th DAAAM International Symposium, DAAAM International, 555-561, 2019. https://doi.org/ 10.2507/30th.daaam.proceedings.075.
• M. Aydın, F. Yıldırım, E. Çantı, Farklı yazdırma parametrelerinde PLA filamentin işlem performansının incelenmesi. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 3(2), 102-115, 2019.
• A. Nergizhan, O. Koçar, C. Altuok, Investigation of the weldability of PLA Plus sheets with different infill ratios by friction stir welding. Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology, 1-1, 282-296, 2024. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1399512.
• eSUN, PLA Plus, https://www .esun3d.com/uploa ds/eSUN_PLA+-Filament_TDS_V4.0.pdf, Erişim 1 Kasım 2024.
• G. Gao, F. Xu, J. Xu, Z. Liu, Study of material color influences on mechanical characteristics of fused deposition modeling parts. Materials, 15(19), 7039, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197039.
• C. Aydemir, S. Yenidoğan, A. Karademir, E. Arman, Effects of color mixing components on offset ink and printing process. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 32(11), 1310-1315, 2017. https://doi. org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1279323.
• C. Aydemir, The effect of paper roughness on print color deviation, lightfastnes s and print gloss. Marmara Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 26(3), 97-107, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7240/mufbed.86137.
• L.W. McKeen, The Effect of Long Term Thermal Exposure on Plastics and Elastomers, William Andrew 2021.
• Korozyon Doktoru, Parlaklık (Gloss) nedir?. https:/ /www.korozyondoktoru.org/parlaklik-gloss-nedir-nasi l-olculur-parlaklik-seviyeleri-nelerdir/, Erişim 05 Aralık 2024.
• Sculupeto, Food grade PA12 (blue). http://www. https://www.sculpteo.com/en/materials/sls-material/ food-grade-pa12-blue/, Erişim 25 Mart 2025.
• Prusa3D, Do coloring additives affect filament material properties?. https://forum.prusa3d.com/forum/english-forum-general-discussion-announcements-and-rel eases/do-coloring-additives-affect-filament-material-properties/, Erişim 26 Mart 2025.
• B. Wittbrodt, J.M. Pearce, The effects of PLA color on material properties of 3-D printed components, Additive Manufacturing, 8, 110-116, 2015. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2015.09.006.
• Intertek, Optical properties of polymers, https: //www.intertek.com/polymers-plastics/optical-propert ies/, Erişim 5 Ağustos 2024.
• Plasma Plastik, Plastiklerin seçim kriterleri. https://plasmaplastik.com/blog/plastiklerin-secim-kriterleri, Erişim 17 Nisan 2024.
• D. Šarić, A.S. Sole, Visually significant dimensions and parameters for gloss, Journal of Imaging 10(1), 10, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10010010.
• J. Gim, E. Han, B. Rhee, W. Friesenbichler, D.P. Gruber, Causes of the gloss transition defect on high-gloss injection-molded surfaces. Polymers, 12(9), 2100, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092100.
• Q. Yong, J. Chang, Q. Liu, F. Jiang, D. Wei, H. Li, Matt polyurethane coating: correlation of surface roughness on measurement length and gloss. Polymers, 12(2), 326, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020326