Gözenekli biyomedikal TiAlNb malzemelerinin mikroyapısal ve mekanik karakterizasyonu

Öz

Bu çalışmada, toz metalurjisi yöntemiyle üretilen gözenekli Ti–Al–Nb esaslı biyomedikal malzemelerin mikroyapısal ve mekanik özellikleri sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. Saf Ti, Ti-3Al-5Nb ve Ti-1Al-10Nb örnekleri, 300 MPa presleme basıncı altında 1300 °C’de 2 saat sinterlenmiştir. Mikroyapısal karakterizasyonlar optik mikroskop, enerji dağılımlı spektroskopi (EDS) ve X-ışını difraksiyonu (XRD) ile gerçekleştirilmiş; mekanik performans ise oda sıcaklığında basma testleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen gözeneklilik oranları sırasıyla %27, %28 ve %26; basma dayanımları ise saf Ti için 358.8 MPa, Ti-3Al-5Nb için 324.8 MPa ve Ti-1Al-10Nb için 314.9 MPa olarak belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, kontrollü gözeneklilik ve uygun faz bileşimi sayesinde Ti–Al–Nb alaşımlarının kemik dokusuyla mekanik uyum sağlayan ve stres kalkanı etkisini minimize eden implant uygulamaları için uygun adaylar olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gözenekli titanyum alaşımları
• Toz metalurjisi
• Ti–Al–Nb alaşımları
• Biyomedikal implantlar

Microstructural and mechanical characterization of porous biomedical TiAlNb materials

Öz

In this study, the microstructural and mechanical properties of porous Ti-Al-Nb based biomedical materials produced by powder metallurgy were systematically investigated. Pure Ti, Ti-3Al-5Nb and Ti-1Al-10Nb samples were sintered at 1300°C for 2 hours under a pressing pressure of 300 MPa. Microstructural characterizations were performed using optical microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD); mechanical performance was evaluated by compression tests at room temperature. The obtained porosity percentages were 27%, 28%, and 26%, respectively; and the compressive strengths were determined as 358.8 MPa for pure Ti, 324.8 MPa for Ti-3Al-5Nb, and 314.9 MPa for Ti-1Al-10Nb. The findings demonstrate that Ti–Al–Nb alloys are suitable candidates for implant applications due to their controlled porosity and appropriate phase composition, providing mechanical compatibility with bone tissue and minimizing stress shielding effects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Porous titanium alloys
• Powder metallurgy
• Ti–Al–Nb alloys
• Biomedical implants

Kaynakça

1. E. M. Karakurt, Y. Huang, M. Kaya, H. Demirtaş, A. Açıkgöz ve G. Demircan, Effect of relative density on microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical performance of porous Ti–20Zr alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49 (2), 1479–1489, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07889-4
2.     E. Balcı ve F. Dağdelen, Biyomalzeme türleri ve biyouyumlu metalik elementler. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9, 1179–1195, 2022. https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.1165914
3.     M. Kaya, A. Yolun, Ö. Çakmak, F. Yakuphanoğlu, E. Elibol, M. Köm ve M. Güvenç, Biyomedikal uygulamalar için titanyum esaslı gözenekli TiNb alaşımının üretimi. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7, 49–59, 2018. https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.417354
4.     E. Balcı, Metalik biyomalzemelerin yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi. Uşak Üniversitesi Fen ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 7, 59–71, 2023. https://doi.org/10.47137/usufedbid.1307658
5.     E. M. Karakurt, Y. Çetin, A. İncesu, H. Demirtaş, M. Kaya, Y. Yıldızhan ve Y. Huang Microstructural, biomechanical, and in vitro studies of Ti-Nb-Zr alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy. Materials, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124240
6.     G. Senesi, G. Barone, S. Pinelli, M. Scoppolini Massini, R. Zinno, D. Alesi ve L. Bragonzoni, The relationship between stress shielding, bone density changes and implant migration, failure and fracture after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review. Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics, 12, e70350, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeo2.70350
7.     Q. H. Zhang, A. Cossey and J. Tong, Stress shielding in bone of a bone–cement interface. Medical Engineering & Physics, 38, 423–426, 2016.
8.     B. Kaymak ve F. Öztürk, Investigating the influence of machining parameters and tool coatings on surface quality of titanium parts in aerospace industry. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 14 (1), 27–35, 2025. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngmuh.1525630

9.     D. Savio ve A. Bagno When the total hip replacement fails: A review on the stress-shielding effect. Processes, 10 (3), 612, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030612
10.   Ö. Çakmak, M. Kaya, E. Annaç ve M. Köm İmplantasyon uygulamaları için toz metalurjisi ile üretilen Ti-16Nb-4Sn alaşımının mikroyapı ve biyouyumluluk özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences, 8 (1), 29-40, 2022. https://doi.org/10.30855/gmbd.2022.01.03
11.   E. M. Karakurt Effect of space holder agent on microstructural and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium. Materials Testing, 67 (7), 1168-1174, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2025-0021
12.   A. M. Abraham ve S. Venkatesan A critical review on biomaterials using powder metallurgy method. Engineering Research Express, 6 (1), 012508, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ad35a6
13.   C. M. Murphy, M. G. Haugh ve F. J. O’Brien The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen–glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 31 (3), 461-466, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.063
14.   L. J. Guo Preparation of porous Ti35Nb alloy and its mechanical properties under monotonic and cyclic loading. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 20, 390-394, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60151-5
15.   M. Topuz ve B. Dikici, In-vitro corrosion performance of hydroxyapatite-coated Al2024 in simulated body fluid: A comparative study. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 12 (3), 926–934, 2023. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngmuh.1263697
16.   R. P. Verma, Titanium based biomaterial for bone implants: A mini review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 26, 3148–3151, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.649
17.   E. M. Karakurt, H. Yan, M. Kaya, H. Demirtaş ve Ö. Çakmak Effect of Zr concentration on the microstructure and mechanical performance of porous Ti-Zr system by powder metallurgy. Key Engineering Materials, 936, 25-31, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-db512a
18.   B. Y. Li, L. J. Rong, Y. Y. Li ve V. E. Gjunter Synthesis of porous Ni–Ti shape-memory alloys by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis: reaction mechanism and anisotropy in pore structure. Acta Materialia, 48 (15), 3895-3904, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00184-1
19.   A. A. Azeez, Y. Danyuo ve J. D. Obayemi, Effect of particle size and sintering time on the mechanical properties of porous Ti–6Al–4V implant. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 819, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2637-z
20.   S. H. Kayani, H. M. S. Ajmal, B. J. Kim, N. K. Park ve K. Euh, Influence of Powder Size on Pore Characteristics and Intermetallic Phase Kinetics in Porous Ti-Al Alloys. Crystals, 14, 559, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14060559
21.   Y. T. Yao, Y. Yang, Q. Ye, S. S. Cao, X. P. Zhang, K. Zhao ve Y. Jian, Effects of pore size and porosity on cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of porous titanium. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 32, 72, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-021-06548-0
22.   E. M. Karakurt, Y. Huang, Y. Çetin, A. İncesu, H. Demirtaş, M. Kaya ve G. Akbaş Assessing microstructural, biomechanical, and biocompatible properties of TiNb alloys for potential use as load-bearing implants. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 15 (9), 253, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090253
23.   R. Wang, S. Ni, L. Ma ve M. Li, Porous construction and surface modification of titanium-based materials for osteogenesis: A review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 973297, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.973297
24.   C. Y. Hung, S. Antonov, P. D. Jablonski ve M. Detrois, Phase stability and phase transformation related to Nb/Ta additions in a Ni-based superalloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 952, 170071, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170071
25.   J. Wang, L. Liu, L. Zhang, B. Tuo, W. Bai ve D. Wu, Experimental investigation of the Ti-Nb-Sn isothermal section at 1173 K. Metals, 6, 60, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6030060
26.   W. F. Ho, W. K. Chen, S. C. Wu ve H. C. Hsu, Structure, mechanical properties, and grindability of dental Ti–Zr alloys. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 19, 3179–3186, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-008-3454-x
27.   Q. M. Hu, S. J. Li, Y. L. Hao, R. Yang, B. Johansson ve L. Vitos, Phase stability and elastic modulus of Ti alloys containing Nb, Zr, and/or Sn from first-principles calculations. Applied Physics Letters, 93, 121902, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2988270
28.   L. J. Gibson, Mechanical behavior of metallic foams. Annual Review of Materials Research, 30, 191, 2000.
29.   H. Chang, J. F. Liu, Y. S. Sun, C. P. Wu, H. H. Huang ve Y. Han, Mesoporous surface topography promotes bone cell differentiation on low elastic modulus Ti–25Nb–25Zr alloys for bone implant applications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 707, 220–226, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.206
30.   Q. Liu, Q. Meng, S. Guo ve X. Zhao, α′ type Ti–Nb–Zr alloys with ultra-low Young's modulus and high strength. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 23, 562–565, 2013. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.pnsc.2013.11.005
31.   E. Ö. Dengiz ve M. Gürbüz, Grafen takviyeli magnezyum kompozitlerin biyomedikal amaçlı üretimi ve biyouyumluluk çalışmaları. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 15, 1–9, 2026. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1793201
32.   W. Elmay, E. Patoor, B. Bolle, T. Gloriant, F. Prima, A. Eberhardt ve P. Laheurte, Optimisation of mechanical properties of Ti–Nb binary alloys for biomedical applications. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 14, 119–120, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2011. 593760
33.   A. Gökçe, Effect of Nb addition on microstructural and mechanical properties of Ti-Nb based alloys produced by powder metallurgy. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 23 (8), 945–948, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2017.26539
34.   M. R. Senra ve M. D. F. V. Marques, Synthetic polymeric materials for bone replacement. Journal of Composites Science, 4 (4), 191, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040191