TÜRKİYE’DE BODRUM YARIMADASI İÇME SUYU KALİTESİNİ ÖLÇMEDE SU KALİTE İNDEKSİ

Öz

Bodrum yarımadası Türkiye'nin önemli turizm merkezlerinden birisidir. Bu çalışma,  22 adet fiziksel ve kimyasal parametrenin analiziyle Su Kalite İndeksi açısından Mumcular ve Geyik barajları ile Çamköy yeraltısuyu kuyularından sağlanan harmanlanmış ham suların kalitesini değerlendirmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Su Kalite İndeks yöntemi, su kalitesini ölçmenin en etkili yöntemi olarak kabul edilir. Çalışma için Su Kalite İndeks değerleri 84.92 ve 91.11 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bodrum yarımadasının içme suyu kaynaklarının Su Kalite İndeks puanı “çok kötü” olarak bulunmuştur. Biyokimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı, Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı, Bulanıklık, Çözünmüş Oksijen ve Toplam Sertlik gibi parametreler izin verilen sınır değerlerin üzerindedir. Parametrelerin yüksek değerleri, hesaplanan Su Kalite İndeks değerlerini artırmaktadır. Bodrum yarımadasındaki mevcut su kaynaklarının içme suyu olarak kullanılmadan önce arıtılması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle, harmanlanmış ham sular havalandırma, koagülasyon, flokülasyon, çökeltme, filtreleme ve dezenfeksiyonu içeren işlemler ile arıtılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• fizikokimyasal parametreler,Su Kalite İndeksi,içme suyu kalitesi,Bodrum Yarımadası,Türkiye

WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR MEASURING DRINKING WATER QUALITY OF BODRUM PENINSULA-TURKEY

Öz

Bodrum peninsula is an important tourism center of Turkey. This study is conducted to assess the quality of blended raw waters provided from Çamköy groundwater wells, Mumcular and Geyik dams in terms of Water Quality Index (WQI) with analysis of 22 physicochemical parameters. WQI is regarded as the most effective method of measuring the water quality. The WQI values for the study were calculated as 84.92 and 91.11, respectively. The WQI scores were found ‘very poor’ for drinking water sources of Bodrum peninsula. The parameters such as Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Hardness were found high above the permissible limit values. The higher values of parameters increase the calculated WQI values. The existing water sources in the Bodrum peninsula need to be treated before used as drinking water. Therefore, the blended raw waters should be treated with the processes include in aeration, coagulation, flocculation, precipitation, filtering and disinfection.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Physicochemical parameters,Water Quality Index,drinking water quality,Bodrum Peninsula,Turkey

Kaynakça

1. [1] PESCE, S.F., WUNDERLIN, DA., “Use of water quality indices to verify the impact of Córdoba city (Argentina) on Suquía River”. Water Research 34. 2915-2926, 2000.
2. [2] DIERSING, N., “Water Quality: Frequently Asked Questions”. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Key West, FL. Available at: http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/scisummaries/wqfaq.pdf. 2009
3. [3] SARGAONKAR, A., DESHPANDE, V., “Development of an overall index of pollution for surface water based on a general classification scheme in Indian context”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 89, 43–67, 2003.
4. [4] KHAN, F., HUSAIN, T., LUMB, A., “Water quality evaluation and trend analysis in selected watersheds of the Atlantic Region of Canada”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 88, 221–242, 2003.
5. [5] REZA, R., SINGH, G., “Assessment of Ground Water Quality Status by Using Water Quality Index Method in Orissa, India”. World Applied Sciences Journal 9, (12) 1392-1397, 2010.
6. [6] MICHALIC, A., “The Use of Chemical and Cluster Analysis for Studying Spring Water Quality in Świętokrzyski National Park”. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 17 (3) 357-362, 2008.
7. [7] ROBLES, E., RAMIREZ, E., MARTINEZ, B., SAINZM, M.G., GONZALEZ, M.E., “Comparison of the Water Quality of Two Aquifers Established in Different Development Zones of Mexico”. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 1 (2), 203-211, 2011.
8. [8] GLINSKA-LEWCZUK, K., “Effect of Land Use and Lake Presence on Chemical Diversity of the Lyna River System”. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15 (2) 259-269, 2006

9. [9] KASIROVA, S., FESZTEROVA, M., “Changes in Stream Water Contamination in Select Slovakian Settlements”. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19 (2), 343-349, 2010
10. [10] AYDIN, A., “The Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in West Thrace, Turkey”. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 16 (3), 377-383, 2007.
11. [11] NAS, S.S., BAYRAM, A., NAS, E., BULUT, V.N., “Effects of Some Water Quality Parameters on the Dissolved Oxygen Balance of Streams”. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 17 (4), 531-538, 2008.
12. [12] ALMEIDA, C.A, QUINTAR, S., GONZALEZ, P., MALLEA, M.A.,” Influence of urbanization and tourist activities on the water quality of the Potrero de los Funes River (San Luis-Argentina)”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 133, 459-465, 2007.
13. [13] ASADI, S.S., VUPPALA, P., ANJI, R.M., “Remote sensing and GIS techniques for evaluation of groundwater quality in Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (Zone-V)”. India. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 4, 45-52, 2007.
14. [14] BUCHANAN, S., TRIANTAFILIS, J., “Mapping water table depth using geophysical and environmental variables”. Groundwater 47, 80. 2009.
15. [15] SAMANTRAY, P., MISHRA, B.K., PANDA, C.R., ROUNT, S.P., “Assessment of water quality index in Mahanadi and Atharabanki Rivers and Taldanda Canal in Paradip area”. India. J Hum Ecol 26 (3), 153–161, 2009.
16. [16] SHARMA, D., KANSAL, A., “Water quality analysis of River Yamuna using water quality index in the national capital territory India (2000-2009)”. Applied Water Science 1,147-157, 2011.
17. [17] ALAM, M., PATHAK, J.K., “Rapid assessment of water quality index of Ramganga River, Western Uttar Pradesh (India) using a computer programme”. Nat Sci 8 (11), 1-8, 2010.
18. [18] SEBASTIAN, J., YAMAKANAMARDI, S.M., “Assessment of water quality index of Cauvery and Kapila Rivers and at their confluence”. Int J Lakes Rivers 6(1), 59-67, 2013
19. [19] SETH, R., MOHAN, M., SINGH, P., SINGH, R., DOBHAL, R., SINGH, K.P., GUPTA, S., “Water quality evaluation of Himalayan Rivers of Kumaun region, Uttarakhand, India”. Appl Water Sci 6 (2), 137-147, 2014.
20. [20] TYAGI, S., SHARMA, B., SINGH, P., DOBHAL, R., “Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index”. Am J Water Resour 1(3), 34–38. 2013.
21. [21] BHUTIANI, R., KHANNA, D.R., KULKARNI, D.B., RUHELA, M., “Assessment of Ganga river ecosystem at Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India with reference to water quality indices”. Appl Water Sci 6 (2), 107-113, 2014.
22. [22] VISHNURADHAN, R., ZAINUDIN, Z., SREEKANTH, J.B., DHIMAN, R., SALLEH, M.N., VETHAMONY, P., “Temporal water quality response in an urban river: a case study in peninsular Malaysia”. App Water Sci 7(2), 923-933, 2015.
23. [23] YADAV, K.K., GUPTA, N., KUMAR, V., SHARMA, S., ARYA, S., “Water quality assessment of Pahuj River using water quality index at Unnao Balaji, M.P., India”. Int J Sci Basic Appl Res 19(1), 241-250. 2015.
24. [24] DASH, A., DAS, H.K., MISRA, B., BHUYAN, N.K., “Evaluation of water quality of local streams and Baitarani River in Joda area of Odisha”. India. Int J Curr Res 7(3) 13559-13568. 2015.
25. [25] KRISHNAN, G., SINGH, S., SINGH, R.P., GHOSCH, N.C., KHANNA, A., “Water quality index of groundwater of Haridwar District, Uttarakhand, India”. Water Energy Int 58(10), 55-58, 2016.
26. [26] KAVIARASAN, M., GEETHA, P., SOMAN, K.P., “GIS-based groundwater monitoring in Thiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu, India”. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Soft Computing Systems, vol. 397, Springer, India, pp 685-700, 2016
27. [27] AKOTEYON, I.S., OMOTAYA, A.O., SOLADOYE, O., OLAOYE, H.O., “Determination of water quality index and suitability of urban river for municipal water supply in Lagos, Nigeria”. Eur J Sci Res 54(2), 263-271. 2011.
28. [28] BALAN, I.N., SHIVAKUMAR, M., KUMAR, P.D.M., “An assessment of groundwater quality using water quality index in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India”. Chron Young Sci 3(2) 146-150, 2012.
29. [29] CUDE, C., “Oregon water quality index: A tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness”. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37, 125-137, 2001.
30. [30] LIOU, S., LO, S., WANG, S., “A generalized water quality index for Taiwan”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 96, 35-52, 2004.
31. [31] SAID, A., STEVENS, D., SELKE, G., “An innovative index for evaluating water quality in streams”. Environmental Management 34, 406-414, 2004.
32. [32] DEBELS, P., FIGUEROA, R., URRUTIA, R., BARRA, R., NIELL, X., “Evaluation of water quality in the Chilla’n River (Central Chile) using physicochemical parameters and a modified water quality index”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 110, 301-322, 2005.
33. [33] KANNEL, P.R., LE, S., LEE Y.S., KANEL, S.R., KHAN, S.P., “Application of water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water classification and urban impact assessment”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 132, 93–110, 2007.
34. [34] ABBASI, S.A., “Water quality indices”, state of the art report (pp. 73). Scientific Contribution No. INCOH/SAR-25/2002. Roorkee: INCOH, National Institute of Hydrology, pp. 77, 2002
35. [35] GOR, A., SHAH, A., “Water Quality Index of Mahi River, Vadodara, Gujarat”. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research 2(3), 3214-3219, 2014.
36. [36] DAN’AZUMI, S., BICHI, M., “Industrial pollution and heavy metals profile of Challawa River in Kano. Nigeria”. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Sanitation 5, 2010.
37. [37] DSI. Bodrum İçmesuyu Projesi. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı. Devlet Su İşleri Vakfı. Su Dünyası Dergisi 99, 12-20, 2011.
38. [38] DSI. Planning Report of Bodrum Peninsula Emergency Drinking, Potable and Industry Water Supply Project. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. XXI. Regional Directorate, 435 pp. Aydın. 2009
39. [39] BROWN, R.M., MCCLELLAND, N.I., DEININGER, R.A., O’CONNOR, M.F., “A water quality index-crashing the physiological barrier”. Indic Environ Qual 1, 173–182, 1972.
40. [40] WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th ed.; World Health Organization (WHO): Geneva, Switzerland. 2012
41. [41] KPIETA, B.A., LAARI, B.P., “Small-scale dams water quality and the possible health risk to users of the water in the Upper West Region of Ghana”. European Scientific Journal, 10 (14), 249-270, 2014
42. [42] YATES, B.J., ZBORIL, R., SHARMA, V.K., “Engineering aspects of ferrate in water and wastewater treatment–a review”. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 49 (14), 2014.
43. [43] KUMAR, S., GNUSH, N.C., SINGH, R.P., MAHESH, M., SONKUSARE, S.S., SANYAJ, M., “Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh, India”. pp.42-49, 2015
44. [44] KHUHAWARI, M.Y., MIRZA, M.A., LEGHARI, S.M., ARAIN, R., “Limnological study of Baghsar Lake district Bhimber, Azad Kashmir”. Pakistan Journal of Botanic, 41(4), 1903–1915, 2009.
45. [45] AMNEERA, W.A., NAJIB, W.A.Z., YUSOF, S.R.M., RAGUNATHAN, S., “Water quality index of Perlis River, Malaysia”. Int. J. Civ. Environ. Eng. 13 (2), 1–6, 2013.
46. [46] CHOUDHARY, R., RAWTANI, P., VISHWAKARMA, M., “Comparative study of Drinking Water Quality Parameters of three Manmade Reservoirs i.e. Kolar, Kaliasote and Kerwa Dam”. Current World Environment6 (1), 145-149, 2011.
47. [47] ŞENER, Ş., ŞENER, E., DAVRAZ, A., “Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey)”. Science of the Total Environment 584–585, 131–144, 2017.