THE ROLE OF NATURAL GAS HYDRATE DURING NATURAL GAS TRANSPORTATION

Öz

The dependence of industry on natural gas has increased a lot last decades so the transportation of natural gas has become one of the most important issue in natural gas industry. Although the formation of natural gas hydrate is a problem in natural gas pipelines, the transportation of natural gas as natural gas hydrates by ships or trucks is an advantage. Therefore, in this study, first, the studies related to the inhibition of natural gas hydrate in pipelines are reviewed because there are many gas pipeline projects so natural gas hydrate inhibition is an important issue in natural gas industry. Then, the studies related to the transportation of natural gas as natural gas hydrates are reviewed in this study because this is a new subject and for the future, if research and development in this transportation method could be done successfully, this method might be better alternative compared to LNG and CNG natural gas transportation methods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gas hydrates,natural gas,hydrate inhibition,transportation

DOĞAL GAZ TAŞINMASI SIRASINDA DOĞAL GAZ HİDRATLARIN ROLÜ

Abstract

Endüstrinin doğal gaza olan bağımlılığı son on yıllarda büyük oranda artmıştır bu yüzden doğal gaz endüstrisinde doğal gazın taşınması çok önemli konulardan birisi olmuştur. Doğal gaz hidrat oluşumu, doğal gaz boruları için bir problem oluşturmasına rağmen, doğal gazın doğal gaz hidratı olarak gemiler veya tırlar ile taşınması bir avantajdır. Bu yüzden, bu çalışmada ilk olarak boru hatlarında doğal gaz hidratlarının oluşmasının engellenmesi ile ilgili çalışmalar derlenmiştir çünkü bir çok gaz boru hattı projesi mevcuttur. Bu nedenle, doğal gaz endüstrisinde doğal gaz hidratlarının engellenmesi önemli bir konudur. Daha sonra, bu çalışmada doğal gazın doğal gaz hidratları olarak taşınması ile ilgili çalışmalar derlenmiştir çünkü bu yeni bir konudur. Gelecekte bu doğal gaz taşıma yöntemi ile ilgili araştırma ve geliştirme sonuçları başarılı bir şekilde tamamlandığında, bu metot LNG ve CNG doğal gaz taşıma metodlarına kıyasla daha iyi bir alternatif oluşturabilir.

Keywords

• Gaz hidratlar,doğal gaz,hidrat engellenmesi,taşınma

Kaynakça

1. [1] SLOAN, E.D., KOH, C.A., Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases (3rd ed), CRC Press., Boca Raton, USA, 2008.
2. [2] DAVY, H., “The Bacterian Lecture. On some of the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygene, and on the chemical relations of these principles to inflammable bodies”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 101, 1-35, 1811.
3. [3] KOH, C.A., SLOAN, E.D., SUM, A.K., WU, D.T., “Fundamentals and Applications of Gas Hydrates”, Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 2, 237-57, 2011.
4. [4] Waite, W.F., Santamarina, J.C., Cortes, D.D., Dugan, B., Espinoza, D.N., et al., “Physical Properties of hydrate bearing sediments”, . Reviews of Geophysics, 47, 1-38, 2009.
5. [5] Sloan, E.D., Koh, C.A., Sum, A.K., Natural Gas Hydrates in Flow Assurance (1st ed), Elsevier, New York, USA, 2010.
6. [6] CARROLL, J.J., Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers (2nd ed), Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, USA, 2009.
7. [7] HESTER, K.C., BREWER, P.G., “Clathrate Hydrates in Nature”, Annual Review of Marine Science, 1, 3003-327, 2009.
8. [8] SLOAN, E.D., Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases (2nd ed), Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, 1998.

9. [9] HAMMERSCMIDT, E.G., “Formation of gas hydrates in natural gas transmission lines”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 26, 851-855, 1934.
10. [10] MERKEL, F.S., SCHMUCK, C., SCHULTZ, H.J., SCHOLZ, T.A., WOLINSKI, S., “Research on Gas Hydrate Plug Formation under Pipeline-Like Conditions”, International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2015, 1-5, 2015.
11. [11] BULBUL, S., KADOURA, A.S., MEREY, S., PARLAKTUNA, M., “Hydrate Inhibition with PEO (Poly 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)”, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 36, 2613-2620, 2014.
12. [12] http://petrowiki.org/Monetizing_stranded_gas (erişim tarihi 20.07.2017)
13. [13] REHDER, G., ECKL, R., ELFGEN, M., FALENTY, A., HAMANN, R., KAHLER, N., KUHS, W.F., OSTERKAMP, H., WINDMEIER, C., “Methane Hydrate Pellet Transport Using the Self-Preservation Effect: A Techno-Economic Analysis”, Energies, 5, 2499-2523, 2012.
14. [14] GUDMUNDSSON, J.S., GRAFF, O.F., “Hydrate Non-Pipeline Technology for Transport of Natural Gas”, 22nd World Gas Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 2003.
15. [15] GUDMUNDSSON, J.S., ANDERSSON, V., LEVIK, O.I., PARLAKTUNA, M., “Hydrate Concept for Capturing Associated Gas”, European Petroleum Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 1998.
16. [16] NAKAI, S., “Development of Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH) Supply Chain”, 25th World Gas Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malasia, 2012.
17. [17] http://unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf (erişim tarihi 26.01.2018)
18. [18] http://www.igu.org/sites/default/files/103419-World_IGU_Report_no%20crops.pdf (erişim tarihi 26.12.2017)
19. [19] http://logistics.nankai.edu.cn/_upload/article/50/93/1cf2097840e8af90af4b19979773/9ce547df-a3e1-493c-a4a3-0ebbfe0669b9.pdf (erişim tarihi 27.12.2017)
20. [20] http://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Natural-Gas-Pipelines-and-Projects (erişim tarihi 12.12.2017)
21. [21] KIM, Y., BLANK, S., “The New Great Game of Caspian energy in 2013–14: ‘Turk Stream’, Russia and Turkey”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 18, 37-55, 2015.
22. [22] OBANIJESU, E.O., PAREEK, V., TADE, M.O., “Hydrate Formation and its Influence on Natural Gas Pipeline Internal Corrosion Rate”, SPE Oil and Gas India Conference and Exhibition, Mumbai, INDIA, 2010.
23. [23] OBANIJESU, E.O., MACAULAY, S.R.A., West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) Project: Associated Problems and Possible Remedies. In E.K. YANFUL, Appropriate Technology for Environmental Protection in the Developing World (pp. 101-112), Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2009.
24. [24] MCKEE, D.W., ROMEO, G., “Carbon Deposition and the Role of Reducing Agents in Hot-Corrosion Processes”, Chemistry and Material Science, 4, 1877-1885, 1973.
25. [25] KRITZER, P., “Corrosion in High-Temperature and Supercritical Water and Aqueous Solutions: A Review”, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 29, 1-29, 2004.
26. [26] KLOMP, U., “The world of LDHI: From conception to development to implementation”, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Vancouver, Canada, 2008.
27. [27] NAZARI, K., TAHERI, Z., MEHRABI, M., “Natural Gas Hydrate Production and Transportation”, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2011), Edinburgh, UK, 2011.
28. [28] GIAVARINI, C., HESTER, K., Gas Hydrates: Immense Energy Potential and Environmental Challenges, Springer, New York, USA, 2011.
29. [29] PAKULSKI, M., QU, Q., PEARCY, R., “Gulf of Mexico Deep water Well Completion with Hydrate Inhibitors”, SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry (SPE 92971), Houston, USA., 2005.
30. [30] POWER, D., SLATERB, K., ALDEA, C., STEVE, L., “Gas Hydrate Inhibited Water-Based Muds for Ultra-Deep-water Drilling”, AADE Technical Conference, Houston, USA, 2003.
31. [31] SUM, A.K., “Controlling Hydrate Formation in Production Lines”, JEM (Jornais em Escoamentos Multifásicos), Campinas, BRAZIL, 2015.
32. [32] FU, B., NEFF, S., MATHUR, A., BAKEEV, K., “Application of Low-Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors in Deep water Operations”, Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, USA, 2001.
33. [33] LI, G., LI, X.S., TANG, L.G., ZHANG, Y., “Experimental Investigation of Production Behavior of Methane Hydrate under Ethylene Glycol Injection in Unconsolidated Sediment”, Energy & Fuels, 21, 3388-3393, 2007.
34. [34] MOHAMMADI, A.H., AFZAL, W., RICHON, D., “Experimental Data and Predictions of Dissociation Conditions for Ethane and Propane Simple Hydrates in the Presence of Methanol, Ethylene Glycol, and Triethylene Glycol Aqueous Solutions”, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 53, 683-686, 2008.
35. [35] MOHAMMADI, A.H., AFZAL, W., RICHON, D., “Gas hydrates of methane, ethane, propane, and carbon dioxide in the presence of single NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2 aqueous solutions: Experimental measurements and predictions of dissociation conditions”. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 40, 1693-1697, 2008.
36. [36] MASOUDI, R., TOHIDI, B., ANDERSON, R., BURGASS, R.W., YANG, J., “Experimental measurement and thermodynamic modelling of clathrate hydrate equilibrium and salt solubility in aqueous ethylene glycol and electrolyte solutions”, Fluid Phase Equilibrium, 219, 57-163, 2004.
37. [37] MASOUDI, R., TOHIDI, B., DANESH, A., TODD, A.C., ANDERSON, R., BURGASS, R.W., YANG, J., “Measurement and prediction of gas hydrate and hydrated salt equilibrium in aqueous ethylene glycol and electrolyte solutions”, Chemical Engineering Science, 60, 4213-4224, 2005.
38. [38] KOH, C.A., “Towards a fundamental understanding of natural gas hydrates”, Chemical Society Reviews, 31, 157-167, 2002.
39. [39] SLOAN, E.D., Hydrates of Natural Gases, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, USA, 1998.
40. [40] KE, W., SVAARTAS, T.M., ALBAY, H.K., “An experimental Study on sI Hydrate Formation in Presence of Methanol, PVP & PVCap in a Isochoric Cell”, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2011), Edinburgh, UK, 2011.
41. [41] KELLAND, M.A., SVARTAAS, T.M., DYBVIK, L.A., “Control of Hydrate Formation by Surfactants and Polymers”, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, USA, 1994.
42. [42] KELLAND, M.A., SVARTAAS, T.M., DYBVIK, L.A., “New Generation of Gas Hydrate Inhibitors”, SPE Annual Technical Conference, Dallas, USA, 1995.
43. [43] MAKOGON, T.Y., LARSEN, R., KNIGHT, C.A., SLOAN, E.D., “Melt growth of tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate and its inhibition: method and first results”, Journal of Crystal Growth, 179, 258-262, 1997.
44. [44] KE, W., KELLAND, M.A., “Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor studies for Gas Hydrate Systems: A Review of Experimental Equipment and Test Methods”, Energy & Fuels, 30, 10015-10028, 2016.
45. [45] FROSTMAN, L.M., “Anti-Agglomerant Hydrate Inhibitors for Prevention of Hydrate Plugs in Deepwater Systems”, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, USA., 2000.
46. [46] KOH, C.A., WESTACOTT, R.E., ZHANG, W., HıRACHAND, K., CREEK, J.L., SOPER, A.K., “Mechanisms of gas hydrate formation and inhibition”, Fluid Phase Equilibrium, 194-197, 143-151, 2002.
47. [47] GAO, S., “Hydrate Risk at High Watercuts with Anti-Agglomerant Hydrate Inhibitors”, Energy & Fuels, 23, 2118-2121, 2009.
48. [48] SUAREZ, P.A.Z., DULIUS, J.E.L., EINLOFT, S., DESOUZA, R., DUPONT, J., “The Use of New Ionic Liquids in Two Phase Catalytic Hydrogenation Reaction by Rhodium Complexes”, Polyhedron 15, 1217-1219, 1996.
49. [49] DUPONT, J., “On the solid, liquid and solution structural organization of imidazolium ionic liquids”, Journal of Brazilian Chemical Society, 15, 341-350, 2004.
50. [50] [XIAO, C., ADIDHARMA, H., “Dual function inhibitors for methane hydrate”, Chemical Engineering Science, 64, 1552-1527, 2009.
51. [51] FAZLI, H., MAHDAVINEJAD, R.A., ABEDINI, S.A., “A Review of Recent Safety Research Activities on LNG Operation”, SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition (APOGCE), Perth, Australia, 2016.
52. [52] GALIERIKOVÁ, A., KALINA, T., SOSEDOVÁ, J., “Threats and Risks during Transportation of LNG on European Inland Waterways”, Transport Problems, 12, 73-81, 2017.
53. [53] WALKER, A.H., SCHOLZ, D., BOYD, J., BURNS, G.B., “LNG Transportation, Risk Management, and Maritime Security”, International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, 1, 239-243, 2003.
54. [54] KROMAH, M., THOMAS, S., DAWE, R.A., “Transporting Natural Gas around the Caribbean”, West Indian Journal of Engineering, 25, 18-32, 2003.
55. [55] HAO, W., WANG, J., FAN, S., HAO, W., “Evaluation and analysis method for natural gas hydrate storage and transportation processes”, Energy Conversion and Management, 49, 2546–2553, 2008.
56. [56] KIM, N., LEE, J.H., CHO, Y.S., CHUN, W., “Formation enhancement of methane hydrate for natural gas transport and storage”, Energy, 35, 2717-2722, 2010.
57. [57] RAJNAUTH, J., BARRUFET, M., “Monetizing Gas: Focusing on Developments in Gas Hydrate as a Mode of Transportation”, Energy Science and Technology, 4, 61-68, 2012.
58. [58] GUDMUNDSSON, J.S., HVEDING, F., “Transport or Natural Gas as Frozen Hydrate”, Proceedings of the Fifth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1995.
59. [59] http://www.mes.co.jp/english/mes_technology/ngh.html (erişim tarihi 07.07.2017)
60. [60] SHI, G., JING, Y., ZHANG, X., ZHENG, G., “Prospects of Natural Gas Storage and Transportation Using Hydrate Technology in China”, 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Xi'an, China, 2009.
61. [61] DAIMARU, T., FUJII, M., YAMASAKI, A., YANAGISAWA, Y., “Energy Saving Potential for Natural Gas Hydrate”, Division of Fuel Chemistry Preprints, 49, 190, 2004.
62. [62] VELUSWAMY, H.P., KUMAR, R., LINGA, P., “Hydrogen storage in clathrate hydrates: current state of the art and future directions”, Applied Energy, 122, 112–132, 2014.
63. [63] SIAŽIKA, J., MALCHOA, M., “Accumulation of primary energy into natural gas hydrates”, Procedia Engineering, 192, 782-787, 2017.
64. [64] [GUDMUNDSSON, J.S., BOSLASHRREHAUG, A., “Frozen hydrate for transport of natural gas”, Second İnternational Conference on Natural Gas Hydrate, Toulouse, France, 1996.
65. [65] DAWE, R.A., THOMAS, S., KROMAH, M. “Hydrate Technology for Transporting Natural Gas”, Engineering Journal of the University of Qatar, 16, 11-18, 2003.
66. [66] KANDA, H., “Economics study on natural gas transportation with natural gas hydrate pellets”, 23rd world Gas Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006.
67. [67] NOGAMI, T., OYA, N., ISHIDA, H., “Development of Natural Gas Ocean Transportation Chain By Means of Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH)”, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH), Vancouver, Canada, 2008.
68. [68] TAMSILIAN, Y., EBRAHIMI, A.E., RAMAZANI, S.A., “Formation and Economic Study on Hydrate Technology with NGH Pellets”, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 34, 259-267, 2013.
69. [69] ENGLEZOS, P., LEE, J.D., “Gas hydrates: a cleaner source of energy and opportunity for innovative technologies”, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 22, 671-681, 2005.
70. [70] OHMURA, R., KASHIWAZAKI, S., SHIOTA, S., TSUJI, H., MORI, Y.H., “Structure-I and Structure-H Hydrate Formation Using Water Spraying”, Energy & Fuels, 16, 1141-1147, 2002.
71. [71] JIANG, L., LI, A., TANG, S., “An Experimental Study on Carbon Dioxide Hydrate Formation Using a Gas-Inducing Agitated Reactor”, Energy, 134, 629-637, 2017.
72. [72] ZHONG, D., HE, S., SUN, D., YANG, C., “Comparison of Methane Hydrate Formation in Stirred Reactor and Porous Media in the Presence of SDS”, Energy Procedia, 61, 1573-1576, 2014.
73. [73] LV, Q., LI, X., XU, C., CHEN, Z., “Experimental investigation of the formation of cyclopentane methane hydrate in a novel and large-size bubble column reactor”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51, 5967-5975, 2012.
74. [74] LI, G., LIU, D., XIE, Y., XIAO, Y., “Study on effect factors for CO2 hydrate rapid formation in a water-spraying apparatus”, Energy & Fuels, 24, 4590-4597, 2010.
75. [75] KARAASLAN, U., PARLAKTUNA, M., “Promotion effect of polymers and surfactants on hydrate formation rate”, Energy Fuels, 16, 1413-1416, 2002.
76. [76] GANJI, H., MANTEGHIAN, M., OMIDKHAH, M.R., “Effect of different surfactants on methane hydrate formation rate, stability and storage capacity”, Fuel, 86, 434-441, 2007.
77. [77] YANG, L., CUI, G., LIU, D., FAN, S., XIE, Y., CHEN, J., “Rapid and repeatable methane storage in clathrate hydrates using gel-supported surfactant dry solution”, Chemical Engineering Science, 146, 10-18, 2016.
78. [78] FAN, S., GUO, Y., GUO, K., CHEN, Y., “Methane Storage in Hydrate Form Using Calcium Hypochlorite as Additive”, Fuel Chemistry Division Preprints, 47, 347-348, 2002.
79. [79] KUMAR, A., VEDULA, S.S., KUMAR, R., LINGA, P., “Hydrate phase equilibrium data of mixed methane-tetrahydrofuran hydrates in saline water”. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 117, 2-8, 2018.
80. [80] VELUSWAMY, H.P., KUMAR, S., KUMAR, R., RANGSUNVIGIT, P., LINGA, P., “Enhanced clathrate hydrate formation kinetics at near ambient temperatures and moderate pressures: Application to natural gas storage”, Fuel, 182, 907-919, 2016.
81. [81] KHOKHAR, A.A., Storage Properties of Natural Gas Hydrates, PhD Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 1998.
82. [82] RIPMEESTER, J.A., ALAVI, S., “Some current challenges in clathrate hydrate science: Nucleation, decomposition and the memory effect”, Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, 20, 344-351, 2016.
83. [83] VELUSWAMY, H.P., KUMAR, A., KUMAR, R., LINGA, P., “An innovative approach to enhance methane hydrate formation kinetics with leucine for energy storage application”, Applied Energy, 188, 190-199, 2017.
84. [84] STERN, L., CIRCONE, S., KIRBY, S.H., DURHAM, W.B., “Temperature, pressure, and compositional effects on anomalous or “self” preservation of gas hydrates”, Canadian Journal of Physics, 81, 271-283, 2003.
85. [85] BELOSLUDOV, R.V., BOZHKO, Y.Y., ZHDANOV, R.K., SUBBOTIN, O.S., BELOSLUDOV, V.R., “Hydrogen hydrates: Equation of state and self-preservation effect”, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 413, 220-228, 2016.
86. [86] CHUVILIN, E., BUHANOV, B., GURYEVA, O., ISTOMIN, V., TAKEYA, S., HACHIKUBO, A., “Experimental Study of Self-Preservation Mechanisms during Gas Hydrate Decomposition in Frozen Sediments”, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH), Edinburgh, UK, 2011.
87. [87] GUDMUNDSSON, J.S., “Method for Production of Gas Hydrates for Transportation and Storage”, US. Patent 5,536,893 A, 1996.
88. [88] STERN, L.A., CIRCONE, S., KIRBY, S.H., DURHAM, W.B., “Anomalous Preservation of Pure Methane Hydrate at 1 atm”, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 105, 1756-1762, 2001.
89. [89] OTA, S., KAWANO, H., HIRAI, K., KAMEI, M., KAIGANDOURI, Y., “Concept and Features of Natural Gas Hydrate Pellet Carriers”, Oceans '04 MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean '04, Kobe, Japan, 2004.
90. [90] TAKEYA, S., YONEYAMA, A., UEDA, K., MIMACHI, H., TAKAHASHI, M., SANO, K., HYODO, K., TAKEDA, T., GOTOH, Y., “Anomalously Preserved Clathrate Hydrate of Natural Gas in Pellet Form at 253 K”, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116, 13842-13848, 2012.
91. [91] MIMACHI, H., TAKAHASHI, M., TAKEYA, S., GOTOH, Y., YONEYAMA, A., HYODO, K., TAKEDA, T., MURAYAMA, T., “Effect of Long-Term Storage and Thermal History on the Gas Content of Natural Gas Hydrate Pellets under Ambient Pressure”, Energy & Fuels, 29, 4827-4834, 2015.
92. [92] MASOUDI, R., TOHIDI, B., “Gas Hydrate Production Technology for Natural Gas Storage and Transportation and CO2 Sequestration”, SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference (SPE-93492-MS), Kingdom of Bahrain, 2005.
93. [93] FALENTY, A., KUHS, W.F., GLOCKZIN, M., REHDER, G., ““Self-Preservation” of CH4 Hydrates for Gas Transport Technology: Pressure−Temperature Dependence and Ice Microstructures”, Energy & Fuels, 28, 6275-6283, 2014.
94. [94] MURAYAMA, T., IWABUCHI, W., ITO, M., TAKAHASHI, M., “Effects of Guest Gas on Pelletizing Performance of Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH)”, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH), Edinburgh, UK, 2011.
95. [95] GUDMUNDSSON, J.S., MORK, M., GRAFF, O.F., “Hydrate non-pipeline technology”, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Gas Hydrate, Yokohama, Japan, 2002.