ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND PROBLEMS OF STONES USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF AK MADRASA (NIGDE)

Yıl 2020, , 975 - 989, 07.08.2020

Mustafa Korkanç

https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.757299

Öz

Ak Madrasa was built in 1409-1410 by Ali Bey who is the son of the sovereign of the Karamanoğlu, Aliâddin Ali Bey. The madrasah, which has survived to the present day with some repairs, maintains its original state and is one of the most important of the madrasah structures of the period. The building has been used for different purposes since the Republican era (school, museum warehouse, library, etc.). In order to protect such structures and transfer them to future generations, they should be maintained regularly. In this study, it was aimed to determine the geomechanical properties and problems of the stones used in the building, and the characteristic features of the stones were determined on three samples. Significant degradation was observed in the building stone close to the basement level due to ground water. After the drainage application performed at the restoration stage of the monument, as a result of coloration, efflorescence formation and decreased resistance of the stone in some parts of the monument, a significant amount of stone losses were observed in some areas. It was determined that the original stone of the region was not used in restoration applications, and it was determined that the restoration stones used instead accelerated the decay process especially in the capillary region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ak Medrese, Decay, Geomechanical properties, Cappilary level, Niğde

Proje Numarası

106Y220

AK MEDRESENİN (NİĞDE) YAPIMINDA KULLANILAN TAŞLARIN MÜHENDİSLİK ÖZELLİKLERİ VE SORUNLARI

Öz

Ak Medrese (Niğde) 1409-1410 yılında Karamanoğlu hükümdarı Alâeddin Ali Bey’in oğlu Ali Bey tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Bazı onarımlar görerek günümüze kadar gelen medrese, orijinal durumunun muhafaza etmekte olup, dönem medrese yapıları arasında en önemlilerinden birisidir. Yapı, Cumhuriyet döneminden itibaren farklı amaçlar için kullanılmaktadır (okul, müze deposu, kütüphane vb.). Bu tür yapıların korunması ve gelecek nesillere aktarılması için bakımlarının düzenli bir şekilde yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada yapıda kullanılan taşların jeomekanik özellikleri ve sorunlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmış olup, alınan üç örnek üzerinde taşların karakteristik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Yapıda temel seviyesine yakın kesimlerdeki yapı taşlarında zemin suyuna bağlı olarak önemli oranda bozunmalar gözlenmiştir. Anıtta restorasyon aşamasında gerçekleştirilen drenaj uygulamasından sonra da anıtın bazı kesimlerde zemin suyu ile ilişkili olarak renklenme, çiçeklenme ve taşın dayanımın azalması sonucunda yüzeysel ve bazı kesimlerde oldukça önemli miktarda taş kayıpları gözlenmiştir. Restorasyon uygulamalarında yörenin orijinal taşının kullanılmadığı belirlenmiş olup, yerine kullanılan restorasyon taşların özellikle kapiler bölgede bozunma sürecini hızlandırdığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ak Mederese, bozunma, jeomekanik özellikler, kapiler seviye, Niğde

Destekleyen Kurum

Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu

Proje Numarası

106Y220

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma finansal olarak; Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TUBİTAK) tarafından (Proje No: 106Y220) desteklenmiştir.

Kaynakça

• A. Savran, “Niğde İlinde tarihi eserler üzerinde yetişen bitkilerin yapılara verdiği zarar,” Kayseri Vakıflar Bölge Müdürlüğü Dünden Bugüne Vakıflar Niğde, Vakıflar Bülteni 2, 2004.
• G. Küçükkaya, Taşların bozulma nedenleri koruma yöntemleri, Birsen Yayınevi, 2004.
• M. Korkanç, Deterioration of different stones used in historical buildings within Nigde province, Cappadocia, Construction and Building Materials 48, 789–803, 2013.
• M. Gomez-Heras and R. Fort Gonzalez, “Location of quarries of non-traditional stony materials in the architecture of Madrid: the Crypt of the Cathedral Santa Marı´a de la Almudena,” Materiales de la Construccio, 14, pp. 33–49, 2004.
• Török, A., Prikryl, R., “Current methods and future trends in testing, durability analyses and provenance studies of natural stones used in historical monuments,” Engineering Geology, 115, pp. 139–142, 2010.
• F. G. Bell, “Engineering geology and building Stones of historical monuments: construction materials, geological origin, quarries,” In: Marinos, K. (ed.) Engineering Geology of Ancient Works, Monuments and Historical Sites. Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, 1990, 1867–1880.
• G. R. Rapp, Archaeomineralogy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 44. 2002.
• D. Ergenç, E.N.C. Satık, and T. Topal, “Antique stone quarries in Turkey: a case study on tuffs in the Temple of Apollon Smintheus,” The Geological Society of London, 416, pp. 133-144, 2016.
• P. L. Tucci, “Materials and techniques of architecture,”. In: Marconi, C. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press, New York, 2015, 241–268.
• T. Topal and V. Doyuran, “Engineering geological properties and durability assessment of the Cappadocian tuff,” Engineering Geology, 47, pp. 175–187, 1997.
• T. Topal and V. Doyuran, “Analyses of deterioration of the Cappadocian tuff, Turkey.” Environmental Geology, 34, pp. 5-20, 1998.
• T. Topal, “Quantification of weathering depths in slightly weathered tuffs.” Environmental Geology, 42, pp. 632–641, 2002.
• T. Topal and B. Sözmen, “Deterioration mechanisms of tuffs in the Midas monument.” Engineering Geology, 68, pp. 201–223, 2003.
• A. B. Yavuz, “Durability assessment of the Alaçatı tuff (Izmir) in western Turkey,” Environmental Earth Sciences, 67, pp. 1909–1925, 2012.
• M. Y. Çelik, H. Akbulut and A. Ergül, “Water absorption process effect on strength of Ayazini tuff, such as the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), flexural strength and freeze and thaw effect, Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, pp. 4247–4259, 2014.
• M. Korkanç, A. Tuğrul, A. Savran and F.Z. Özgür, “Structural–geological problems in Gümüşler archeological site and monastery.” Environmental Earth Sciences. 73 (8), pp. 4525-4540, 2015.
• T. Topal, B.E. Deniz and N. Şahin Güçhan, “Deterioration of Limestone Statues at Mount Nemrut (Adiyaman, Turkey),” International Journal of Architectural Heritage: Conservation, Analyses, and Restoration, 9 (3), pp. 244-264, 2015.
• İ. İnce, A. Bozdağ, M.B. Tosunlar, “Determination of deterioration of the main facade of the Ferit Paşa Cistern by non-destructive techniques (Konya, Turkey)”, Environmental Earth Sciences, 77:4202018.
• M.E.·Hatır and M. Korkanç and M. E. Başar, M.E., “Evaluating the deterioration effects of building stones using NDT: the Küçükköy Church, Cappadocia Region, central Turkey,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78, pp. 3465–3478, 2019.
• M. Korkanç, M.Y. Hüseyinca, M.E. Hatır, M.B. Tosunlar, A. Bozdağ, L. Özen and İ İnce, “Interpreting sulfated crusts on natural building stones using sulfur contour maps and infrared thermography.” Environmental Earth Sciences, 78:378, 2019
• M. Özkarcı, Niğde de Türk Mimarisi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basım Evi, Ankara, 2001.
• M. Korkanç and A. Savran, “Impact of the surface roughness of stones used in historical buildings on biodeterioration,” Construction and Building Materials, 80, pp. 279-294, 2015.
• M. Korkanç and B. Solak, “Estimation of engineering properties of selected tuffs by using grain/matrix ratio,” African Earth Sciences, 120, pp. 160-172, 2016.
• M. Korkanç, “Characterization of building stones from the ancient Tyana aqueducts, Central Anatolia, Turkey: implications on the factors of deterioration processes,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 77, pp. 237-252, 2018.
• M. Korkanç ve A. Savran, “Niğde Yöresindeki Tarihi Yapılarda Kullanılan Taşlar ve Sorunları,” Tübitak Projesi Proje No: 106Y220, 375 sayfa, 2010.
• M. Korkanç ve A. Turgut, “Niğde yöresi tarihi yapılarında kullanılan taşların kaynak alan araştırmaları,” Ulusal Mühendislik Jeolojisi ve Jeoteknik Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 3-5 Ekim, s. 167-176, 2019.
• A. Gabriel, Monuments Turcs D’Anatolie I, Kayseri- Niğde, Paris: Du Ministere Turc de L’Instruction Publique, 1931.
• A. Kuran, “Karamanlı Medreseleri,” Vakıflar Dergisi, 8, 209- 223, 1969.
• ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics), The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 1974–2006. In: Ulusay and Hudson (Eds.), Suggested methods prepared by the commission on testing methods, International Society for Rock Mechanics. ISRM Turkish National Group, Ankara, Turkey., p.628., 2007.
• NBG (Norwegian Group for Rock Mechanics), 1985. Engineering Geology and Rock Engineering. Handbook No 2, 249 pp.
• R. Snethlage, Leitfaden zur Steinkonservierung. Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart., 2005.
• D.U. Deere and R.P. Miller, Engineering Classification and Index Properties for Intact Rock. Technical Report No. AFNL-TR-65-116, Air Force Weapon Laboratory, New Mexico, 1966.
• M. Fener and İ. İnce, “Effects of the freeze–thaw (F–T) cycle on the andesitic rocks (Sille-Konya/Turkey) used in construction building,” Journal of African Earth Sciences, 109, pp. 96-106, 2015.
• M.V. Gökçe, İ. İnce, M. Fener, T. Taşkıran and K. Kayabalı, “The effects of freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles on the Gödene travertine used in historical structures in Konya (Turkey)”, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 127, pp. 65-75, 2016.
• J. Ondrasina, D. Kirchner and S. Siegesmund, “Freeze-thaw cycles and their influence on marble deterioration: a long-term experiment,” Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 205(1): pp. 9-18, 2002.
• S. Siegesmund, T. Weiss and A. Vollbrecht, “Natural stone, weathering phenomena, conservation strategies and case studies: introduction,” Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 205(1): pp. 1-8, 2002.
• D.M. Freire-Lista, R. Fort and M.J. Varas-Muriel, “Freeze–thaw fracturing in building granites,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, 113, pp. 40-51, 2015.
• P. Wang, J. Xu, S. Liu, H. Wang and S. Liu, “Static and dynamic mechanical properties of sedimentary rock after freeze-thaw or thermal shock weathering,” Engineering Geology, 210, pp. 148-157, 2016.
• A.Bonazza C. Sabbioni, P. Messina. C. Guaraldi and P.De Nuntiis, “Climate change impact: mapping thermal stress on Carrara marble in Europe,” Science of the Total Environment, 407(15): pp. 4506-4512, 2009.
• T.R. Paradise, “Sandstone architectural deterioration in Petra, Jordan,” in Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Venice June 19–24, pp. 145-154. 2000.
• M. Gómez-Heras, B.J. Smith and R. Fort, “Surface temperature differences between minerals in crystalline rocks: Implications for granular disaggregation of granites through thermal fatigue,” Geomorphology, 78(3-4): pp. 236-249, 2006.
• K. Hall and A. Hall, “Weathering by wetting and drying: some experimental results,” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 21(4): pp. 365-376, 1996.
• A.S. Goudie, “Quantification of rock control in geomorphology,” Earth-Science Reviews, 159: pp. 374-387, 2016.
• M. Ulusoy, “Different igneous masonry blocks and salt crystal weathering rates in the architecture of historical city of Konya,” Building and Environment, 42(8): pp. 3014-3024, 2007.
• D. Camuffo, “Physical weathering of Stones,” Science of The Total Environment, 167(1): pp. 1-14, 1995.
• H. Özşen, A. Bozdağ and İ. İnce, “Effect of salt crystallization on weathering of pyroclastic rocks from Cappadocia, Turkey,” Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 10(12): pp. 258, 2017.
• N. Cutler and H. Viles, “Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Stone Biodeterioration,” Geomicrobiology Journal, 27(6-7): pp. 630-646, 2010.
• T. Warscheid and J. Braams, “Biodeterioration of stone: a review,” International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 46(4): pp. 343-368, 2000.
• T. Warscheid, “Integrated concepts for the protection of cultural artifacts against biodeterioration,” Of Microbes and Art, pp. 185-201, 2000.
• E. Doehne and C.A. Price, Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research, Getty Publications, 2010.
• Pope, G.A., T.C. Meierding, and T.R. Paradise, Geomorphology's role in the study of weathering of cultural stone. Geomorphology, 2002. 47(2-4): p. 211-225.
• L. Zakar and K.K. Eyüpgiller, Mimari Restorasyon Koruma Teknik ve Yöntemleri, ed. R. Güngör. İstanbul: Ömür Matbaacılık A.Ş. 2015.
• J. Ashurst and F.G. Dimes, Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone, Butterworth–Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology, Oxford and Woburn: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998.
• V. Vergès-Belmin, Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns, ICOMOS, 2008.
• B. Fitzner and K. Heinrichs, “Damage diagnosis on stone monuments-weathering forms, damage categories and damage indices, in Understanding and managing stone decay,” V.H. In: Pirkryl R, Editor, Editor. The Karolinum Press: Prague. 2002, p. 11-56.