SUCUL ORTAMDAKİ BAZI MİKROKİRLETİCİLERİN OLUŞUMU, DURUMU VE İLERİ OKSİDASYON PROSESLERİ İLE GİDERİLMESİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 57 - 71, 30.01.2020

Sevde Ustun Odabasi Sevda Hatun Altın Hanife Büyükgüngör

https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.526064

Cited By: 1

Öz

Gelişen dünya üzerinde ilaçların,
hormonların ve kişisel bakım ürünlerinin kullanımının artması sonucu
mikrokirletici olarak adlandırılan kirletici türleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu
kirleticiler kalıcı yapıları ve biyoakümülasyon özelliklerinden dolayı
özellikle sucul canlı yaşamında olumsuz etkiler oluşturmaktadır.
Mikrokirleticlerin bir çoğu biyolojik arıtmaya karşı dirençli oldukları için
atıksu arıtma tesislerinde tam olarak giderilememektedir. Atıksu arıtma
tesislerinde kısmen giderilen bu kirleticiler alıcı ortamlara deşarj edilmekte
ve oradan da  yüzey sularına, yeraltı
sularına ve hatta içme sularına karışabilmektedir. Son yıllarda yapılan
çalışmalarda klasik yöntemlerle giderilemeyen bu kalıntıların farklı yöntemler
ile (adsorpsiyon, ileri biyolojik arıtım yöntemleri, ileri oksidasyon
prosesleri v.s.) giderilebildiği tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmalar
gözden geçirildiğinde ileri oksidasyon yöntemleri ile yapılan çalışmaların
mikrokirletici gideriminde etkili giderim verimleri elde ettiği tespit
edilmiştir. Bu derleme, mikrokirleticilerin kaynakları, sucul çevredeki durumu
(atıksu, yüzey suyu, yeraltı suyu, içme suyu ve sediman) ve ileri oksidasyon
prosesleri ile giderimlerini incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mikrokirleticiler, Atıksu, Su, İleri Oksidasyon Prosesleri

Kaynakça

• [1] LUO, Y., GUO, W., NGO, H. H., NGHIEM, L. D., HAI, F. I., ZHANG, J., WANG, X. C. “A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment”, Science of the total environment, 473, 619-641, 2014.[2] SÖNMEZ, G., IŞIK ,M., “Sulardaki ilaç kalıntılarının ileri oksidasyon yöntemleri ile giderimi”, Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 1, 68-73, 2013.[3] Heberer, T. “Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data”, Toxicology letters, 131.1-2, 5-17, 2002.[4] KABAK, H., “Kullanılan bazı tıbbi ilaçların canlı aktif çamur biyokütlesi tarafından adsorplanma özelliğinin incelenmesi”, Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2008.[5] RUHOY, I.S.,DAUGHTON, C.G.,”Beyond the medicine cabinet: An analysis of where and why medications accumulate”, Environment International, 34.8, 1157-1169, 2008.[6] SEEHUSEN, D.A., EDWARDS, J., “Patient practices and beliefs concerning disposal of medications”, Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 19,542-547, 2006.[7] SAYGI, Ş., BATTAL, D., ŞAHİN, N.,”Çevre ve insan sağlığı yönünden ilaç atıklarının önemi”, Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 16, 82-90, 2012.[8] VERLİCCHİ, P., GALLETTİ, A., PETROVİC, M., BARCELO, D., “Hospital effluents as a source of emerging pollutants: an overview of micropollutants and sustainable treatment options”, Journal of Hydrology, 389, 416-428, 2010.[9] JIANG, J., ZHOU, Z., SHARMA, V. K. “Occurrence, transportation, monitoring and treatment of emerging micro-pollutants in waste water—a review from global views”, Microchemical Journal, 110, 292-300, 2013.[10] JOBLİNG, S., NOLAN, M., TYLER, C. R., BRİGHTY, G., & SUMPTER., J. P.,”Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish”, Environmental science & technology, 32(17), 2498-2506,1998.[11] RODGERS-GRAY, T. P., JOBLİNG, S., MORRİS, S., KELLY, C., KİRBY, S., JANBAKHSH, A., TYLER, C. R., “Long-term temporal changes in the estrogenic composition of treated sewage effluent and its biological effects on fish”, Environmental Science & Technology, 34(8), 1521-1528, 2000.[12] CAN Z. S., EVCİMEN A. K. S., FIRLAK M., “Endokrin Bozucu Maddelerin Taranması Ve Giderim Yöntemlerinin İncelenmesi”, Proje No: 108y140, İstanbul2010.[13] Dizdaş T. B., Preparatıon Of The Spme Fıbers By Electropolymerızatıon And Its Applıcatıon In Determınatıon Of Endocrıne Dıstruptor Chemıcals, Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, 2016.[14] ORHON, K, B. “Removal of trıclosan from surface waters by ozonatıon: kınetıcs & removal mechanısı”, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen bilimleri enstitüsü, Yüksek lisans tezi, 2014[15] LEVY, C. W., ROUJEİNİKOVA, A., SEDELNİKOVA, S., BAKER, P. J., STUİTJE, A. R., SLABAS, A. R., RAFFERTY, J. B., “Molecular basis of triclosan activity”, Nature, 398(6726), 383, 1999.[16] FORAN, C. M., BENNETT, E. R.; BENSON, W. H. “Developmental evaluation of a potential non-steroidal estrogen: triclosan”, Marine environmental research, 50.1-5,153-156, 2000.[17] TERNES, T.A. “Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers”, Water research, 32.11, 3245-3260, 1998.[18] HOLM, J.V., RUGGE, K., BJERG, P.L., CHRISTENSEN, T.H., “Occurrence And Distribution Of Pharmaceutical Organic-Compounds In The Groundwater Downgradient of A Landfill (Grindsted, Denmark)”, Environmental Science and Technology, 29 (5), 1415–1420, 1995.[19] ŞAHAN A., “Farmasötik maddelerin aktif çamur arıtma prosesinde abiyotik gideriminin incelenmesi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Ensitüsü,Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adana, 2007.[20] SANTOS, J.L, APARİCİO, M, CALLEJON, M, ALOSON, E, “Occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds during 1-year period in wastewaters from four wastewater treatment plants in Seville (Spain)”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 1509-1516, 2009.[21] VAN BOECKEL, T. P., BROWER, C., GİLBERT, M., GRENFELL, B. T., LEVİN, S. A., ROBİNSON, T. P., LAXMİNARAYAN, R., “Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(18), 5649-5654, 2015.[22] HUANG C. H, RENEW J.E, SMEBY K.L, PINKSTON, K, SEDLAK D. L., “Assessment of potential antibiotic contaminants in water and preliminary occurence analysis”, Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 120(1), 4, 2011.[23] ROBERTS, P. H., THOMAS, K. V. “The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters of the lower Tyne catchment”, Science of the Total Environment, 356.1-3, 143-153, 2006.[24] WANG, Z., ZHANG, X. H., HUANG, Y., WANG, Y. “Comprehensive evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in typical highly urbanized regions across China”, Environmental pollution, 204, 223-232, 2015.[25] ALDER, A. C., SCHAFFNER, C., MAJEWSKY, M., KLASMEİER, J., & FENNER, K. ‘’Fate of β-blocker human pharmaceuticals in surface water: comparison of measured and simulated concentrations in the Glatt Valley Watershed, Switzerland.’’ Water research, 44(3), 936-948,2010.[26] YANG, Y. Y., TOOR, G. S., WILSON, P. C., WILLIAMS, C. F., “Micropollutants in groundwater from septic systems: Transformations, transport mechanisms, and human health risk assessment”, Water research, 123, 258-267, 2017.[27] SPONGBERG, A. L., WITTER, J. D., ACUNA, J., VARGAS, J., MURİLLO, M., UMANA, G., PEREZ, G., “Reconnaissance of selected PPCP compounds in Costa Rican surface waters”, Water research, 45(20), 6709-6717, 2011.[28] JUX, U., BAGİNSKİ, R. M., ARNOLD, H. G., KRÖNKE, M., SENG, P. N., “Detection of pharmaceutical contaminations of river, pond, and tap water from Cologne (Germany) and surroundings”, International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 205(5), 393-398, 2002.[29] MÖDER, M., BRAUN, P., LANGE, F., SCHRADER, S., LORENZ, W., “Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Acidic Drugs in Water by Coupling of Derivatization, Gas Chromatography and Negative‐Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry” CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water, 35(5), 444-451, 2007.[30] VULLIET, E., CREN-OLIVÉ, C., “Screening of pharmaceuticals and hormones at the regional scale, in surface and groundwaters intended to human consumption”, Environmental pollution, 159.10, 2929-2934, 2011.[31] KLEYWEGT, S., PİLEGGİ, V., YANG, P., HAO, C., ZHAO, X., ROCKS, C., WHİTEHEAD, B., “Pharmaceuticals, hormones and bisphenol A in untreated source and finished drinking water in Ontario, Canada—occurrence and treatment efficiency”, Science of the Total Environment, 409(8), 1481-1488, 2011.[32] VIENO, N. M., TUHKANEN, T, KRONBERG, L.,”Seasonal variation in the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in effluents from a sewage treatment plant and in the recipient water”, Environmental science & technology, 39.21, 8220-8226, 2005.[33] TOGOLA, A., BUDZINSKI, H., “Multi-residue analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous samples”, Journal of Chromatography A, 1177.1, 150-158, 2008.[34] LORAINE, G. A., PETTIGROVE, M. E.,”Seasonal variations in concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water and reclaimed wastewater in southern California” Environmental Science & Technology, 40.3, 687-695, 2006. [35] HEBERER, T., MECHLİNSKİ, A., FANCK, B., KNAPPE, A., MASSMANN, G., PEKDEGER, A., & FRİTZ, B. “Field studies on the fate and transport of pharmaceutical residues in bank filtration”, Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 24(2), 70-77,2004.[36] https://archive.org/stream/std01079830.ome/std01079830_djvu.txt (erişim tarihi: 04.02.2019[37] STACKELBERG, P. E., FURLONG, E. T., MEYER, M. T., ZAUGG, S. D., HENDERSON, A. K., REİSSMAN, D. B., “Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant”, Science of the total environment, 329(1-3), 99-113, 2004.[38] STACKELBERG, P. E., GİBS, J., FURLONG, E. T., MEYER, M. T., ZAUGG, S. D., LİPPİNCOTT, R. L., “Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds”, Science of the Total Environment, 377(2-3), 255-272, 2007.[39] LAPWORTH, D. J., BARAN, N., STUART, M. E., WARD, R. S.,”Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: a review of sources, fate and occurrence”, Environmental pollution, 163, 287-303, 2012.[40] RABIET, M, TOGOLA, A, BRISSAUD, F, SEIDEL, J.L, BUDZINSKİ, H, ELBAZ-POULICHET, F, “Consequences of treated water recycling as regards pharmaceuticals and drugs in surface and ground waters of a medium-sized Mediterranean catchment”, Environmental Science Technology, 40, 5282-5288, 2006.[41] CARRARA, C., PTACEK, C.J., ROBERSON, W.D., BLOWES, D.W., MONCUR, M.C., SVERKO, E.D., BACKUS, S. “Fate of pharamaceuticals and trace organic compounds in three septic system plumes, Ontario, Canada.” Environmental science and technology, 42(8), 2805-2811, 2008.[42] SACHER, F., LANGE, F. T., BRAUCH, H. J., & BLANKENHORN, I.,”Pharmaceuticals in groundwaters: analytical methods and results of a monitoring program in Baden-Württemberg, Germany”, Journal of chromatography A, 938(1-2), 199-210, 2001.[43] https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news-events/news/31396-ifat-2018-call-on-eu-to-develop-standards-for-micropollutants-in-waste-water.html (erişim tarihi 14.11.18).[44] KASPRZYK-HORDERN B., DINSDALE R.M., GUWY A.J., “The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters”, Water Research, 43(2), 363-380, 2009.[45] EREN, Z., “Su kaynaklarındaki ilaç kalıntılarının ileri oksidasyon yöntemleri ile incelenmesi”, Academic platform journal of engineering and science, 6-3, 153-163, 2018. [46] KLAVARIOTI, M., MANTZAVINOS, D., KASSINOS, D., ‘’Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes.’’, Environment international, 35.2: 402-417,2009.[47] FATTA, D, NIKALAOU, A, ARCHILLEOS, A, MERIC, S., “Statistical methods for tracing pharmaceutical residues in waterand wastewater”, TrAC Trends in analytical chemistry, 26,515-533, 2007.[48] INCE, N. H.,APIKYAN, I. G., ”Combination of activated carbon adsorption with light-enhanced chemical oxidation via hydrogen peroxide”, Water Research, 34.17, 4169-4176, 2000.[49] DALGIÇ, G. “Parasetamol içeren atıksularda kirletici parametrelerin gideriminde ileri oksidasyon yöntemlerinin uygulanması”, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2013.[50] BENİTEZ, F. J., BELTRAN-HEREDİA, J., ACERO, J. L., & RUBİO, F. J. ,’’ Contribution of free radicals to chlorophenols decomposition by several advanced oxidation processes.’’, Chemosphere, 41(8), 1271-1277,2000.[51] KİTİŞ, M., YİĞİT, N. Ö., KÖSEOĞLU, H., & BEKAROĞLU, Ş. Ş., “Su ve atıksu arıtımında ileri arıtma teknolojileri-Arıtılmış atıksuların geri kullanımı”, TC Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı çevre görevlisi eğitimi ders notları, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Çevre Mühendisliği, Isparta, 2009.[52] MANTZAVINOS, D., PSILLAKIS, E., ”Enhancement of biodegradability of industrial wastewaters by chemical oxidation pre‐treatment”, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental & Clean Technolog, 79.5, 431-454, 2004.[53] ARSLAN-ALATON, I., DOGRUEL, S.,’’ Pre-treatment of penicillin formulation effluent by advanced oxidation processes.’’, Journal of hazardous materials, 112.1-2: 105-113,2004.[54] SONMEZ, G. “İleri oksidasyon prosesleri ile bazı ilaç kalıntılarının giderimi”,f Aksaray Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Aksaray, 2015. [55] AKBAL, F., BALKAYA, N., “Toksik organik kirleticilerin gideriminde ileri oksidasyon teknolojileri”, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Dergisi, 4, 47-55, 2002.[56] BAHNEMANN, D., BOCKELMANN, D., GOSLICH, R.,’’ Mechanistic studies of water detoxification in illuminated TiO2 suspensions.’’, Solar Energy Materials, 24.1-4: 564-583,1991.[57] MALATI, M. A. “The photocatalysed removal of pollutants from water”, Environmental technology, 16.11, 1093-1099, 1995.[58] DOLL, T. E., FRIMMEL, F. H, “Kinetic study of photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, iomeprol and iopromide assisted by different TiO2 materials—determination of intermediates and reaction pathways”, Water research, 38.4, 955-964, 2004.[59] KANİOU, S., PİTARAKİS, K., BARLAGİANNİ, I., & POULİOS, I.,”Photocatalytic oxidation of sulfamethazine”, Chemosphere, 60(3), 372-380, 2005.[60] CHATZİTAKİS, A., BERBERİDOU, C., PASPALTSİS, I., KYRİAKOU, G., SKLAVİADİS,, T., & POULİOS, I.,’’Photocatalytic degradation and drug activity reduction of chloramphenicol.’’,Water Research, 42(1-2), 386-394,2008.[61] TEKİN, H., BİLKAY, O., ATABERK, S. S., BALTA, T. H., CERİBAŞI, I. H., SANİN, F. D., YETİŞ, U., “Use of Fenton oxidation to improve the biodegradability of a pharmaceutical wastewater”, Journal of hazardous materials, 136(2), 258-265, 2006.[62] USTUN ODABASI, S, MARYAM, B, BUYUKGUNGOR, H., “Fenton oxidation of carbamazepine in wastewater with fewer reagents”, Sigma journal of engineering and natural sciences, 36(1), 289-298, 2018.[63] RAVINA, M., CAMPANELLA, L., KIWI, J. “Accelerated mineralization of the drug diclofenac via Fenton reactions in a concentric photo-reactor”, Water research, 36.14, 3553-3560, 2002.[64] MARTİNEZ, N. S. S., FERNANDEZ, J. F., SEGURA, X. F., FERRER, A. S., “Pre-oxidation of an extremely polluted industrial wastewater by the Fenton’s reagent”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 101(3), 315-322, 2003.[65] BALCIOĞLU, I.A; ÖTKER, M.,’’Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing antibiotics by O3 and O3/H2O2 processes’’,. Chemosphere, 50.1: 85-95,2003.[66] VOGNA, D., MAROTTA, R., NAPOLİTANO, A., ANDREOZZİ, R., d’LSCHİA, M., “Advanced oxidation of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac with UV/H2O2 and ozone”, Water research, 38(2), 414-422, 2004.[67] NAS, B., DOLU, T., ATEŞ, H., ARGUN, M. E., YEL, E. “Treatment alternatıves for micropollutant removal in wastewater”, Selcuk University Journal of Engineering, Science & Technology/Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 133-143, 2017.[68] GERRİTY, D., GAMAGE, S., HOLADY, J. C., MAWHİNNEY, D. B., QUİNONES, O., TRENHOLM, R. A., SNYDER, S. A.,”Pilot-scale evaluation of ozone and biological activated carbon for trace organic contaminant mitigation and disinfection”, Water research, 45(5), 2155-2165,2011.[69] DE LA CRUZ, N., GİMENEZ, J., ESPLUGAS, S., GRANDJEAN, D., De ALENCASTRO, L. F., & PULGARİN, C. “Degradation of 32 emergent contaminants by UV and neutral photo-fenton in domestic wastewater effluent previously treated by activated sludge”, Water research, 46(6), 1947-1957,2012.[70] YU, T.J. Y, BOUWER, E. J., COELHAN, M., “Occurrence and biodegradability studies of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sewage effluent”, Agricultural water management, 86.1-2: 72-80, 2006.[71] MÉNDEZ-ARRIAGA, F., ESPLUGAS, S., GIMÉNEZ, J., “Photocatalytic degradation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with TiO2 and simulated solar irradiation”, Water research, 42.3, 585-594, 2008.[72] YANG, L., LIYA, E. Y., RAY, M. B., “Degradation of paracetamol in aqueous solutions by TiO2 photocatalysis.”, Water research, 42.13, 3480-3488, 2008.[73] HARTMANN, J, BARTELS, P, MAU, U, WITTER M, TÜMPLİNG W.v, HOFMANN, J, NIETZSCHMANN E.,” Degradation of the drug diclofenac in water by sonolysis in presence of catalysts”, Chemosphere, 70, 453-461, 2008.[74] RAFQAH, S, WONG-WAH-CHUNG, P, NELİEU, S, EİNHORN, J, SARAKHA, M.,” Phototransformation of triclosan in the presence of TiO2 in aqueous suspension: Mechanistic approach” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental ,66, 119–125, 2006.[75] IRENE GEORGAKI, I, VASILAKİ,E, KATSARAKIS, N., “A Study on the Degradation of Carbamazepine and Ibuprofen by TiO2 & ZnO Photocatalysis upon UV/Visible-Light Irradiation”, American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 5, 518-534, 2014.[76] MIRZAEI, A., CHEN, Z., HAGHIGHAT, F., & YERUSHALMI, L., “Removal of pharmaceuticals from water by homo/heterogonous Fenton-type processes–A review”, Chemosphere, 174, 665-688, 2017.