Implementation of zero waste management system in public institutions: A study on water and sewerage administrations
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1 - 1
Zehra Özger Koçak
Hüseyin Güven
Öz
Water and sewerage administrations should not only manage water supply and wastewater disposal but also handle the management of waste generated by the infrastructure works carried out for this purpose in an integrated manner. In this study, national and international legislation related to the zero waste approach was reviewed and the implementation of the zero waste system in a water and sewerage administration was evaluated. In this context, the waste management system of Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI) was analyzed, with examples provided for the types of waste generated. Data on waste management were obtained from the records maintained by the ISKI Waste Management Unit. The decreasing trend in the amount of waste generated by the institution and the increase in the reuse ratio between 2019 and 2023 are important indicators of the effective implementation of a waste management system at ISKI during this period. This also holds significance in demonstrating improvements in the performance of the institution's zero-waste management system. Waste amounts were analyzed seasonally over the five-year period covered in the study, showing that 17% of the total waste was generated in winter and 33% in autumn. In 2020, the amount of waste generated decreased by approximately 43% compared to 2019, primarily due to the Covid-19 pandemic. In the study, the transportation cost of waste generated in different administrative units to the temporary storage area was also calculated. Since a significant amount of waste was transported from the European Side of Istanbul to the Anatolian Side of the city, it was proposed to establish a new storage area on the European Side. It was determined that implementing this recommendation would reduce the waste transportation cost by 68%. It is thought that this recommendation will be a successful application for achieving efficient resource use, as targeted in the zero waste management system.
Teşekkür
The authors would like to thank the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration for providing the information used in this study and providing permission to use the data.
Kaynakça
- J. Singh, R. Laurenti, R. Sinha and B. Frostell, Progress and challenges to the global waste management system. Waste Management and Research, 32(9), 800-812, 2014. https://doi.org/10.11 77/0734242X14537868.
- Q. Song, J. Li and X. Zeng, Minimizing the increasing solid waste through zero waste strategy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 104, 199-210, 2015. https://doi.or g/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.027.
- M. Kurdve, S. Shahbazi, M. Wendin, C. Bengtsson and M. Wiktorsson, Waste flow mapping to improve sustainability of waste management: A case study approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 98, 304-315, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.076.
- S.D. Mancini, G. A. de Medeiros, M. X. Paes, B. O. S. de Oliveira, M. L. P. Antunes, R. G. de Souza, J. L. Ferraz, A. P. Bortoleto and J. A. P. de Oliveira, Circular Economy and Solid Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities in Brazil. Circular Economy and Sustainability C. 1, Sayı 1, ss. 261-282, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615 -021-00031-2.
- S. Kumar, A. D. Chintagunta, K. C. Sherpa and R. Banerjee, Institutional waste management. Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management ss. 49-63, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57076-1_3.
- A. Demirbas, G. Edris, and W. M. Alalayah, Sludge production from municipal wastewater treatment in sewage treatment plant. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects C. 39, Sayı 10, ss. 999-1006, 2017. https://doi.org/10.10 80/15567036.2017.1283551.
- Atık Yönetimi Yönetmeliği. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 29314, 2015. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/ 2015/04/20150402-2.htm.
- A. U. Zaman, and S. Lehmann, The zero waste index: A performance measurement tool for waste management systems in a “zero waste city”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 123-132, 2013. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.041.
- O. Romero-Hernández, and S. Romero, Maximizing the value of waste: From waste management to the circular economy. Thunderbird International Business Review, 60(5), 757-764, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002 /tie.21968.
- J. Malinauskaite, H. Jouhara, D. Czajczyńska, P. Stanchev, E. Katsou, P. Rostkowski, R. J. Thorne, J. Colón, S. Ponsá, F. Al-Mansour, L. Anguilano, R. Krzyżyńska, I. C. López, A. Vlasopoulos and N. Spencer, Municipal solid waste management and waste-to-energy in the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe. Energy, 141, 2013-2044, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11. 128.
- European Commission. Directive (EU) 2018//850 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste (Text with EEA relevance), 2018. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX% 3A32018L0850
- European Commission. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (Text with EEA relevance), 2008. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/ ?uri=CELEX:32008L0098.
- European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, The councili The european economic and social committee and the committee of the regions, Closing the loop – An EU action plan fort he Circular Economy, 2015. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:8a 8ef5e8-99a0-11e5-b3b7-01aa75ed71a1.0012.02/DO C_1&format=PDF
- European Comission, Circular economy action plan, 2020. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circu lar-economy-action-plan_en.
- European Commission, The European Green Deal, 2019. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-poli cy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en.
- WRAP. (Waste & Resources Action Programme). Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works Utility Industry Agreement, t.y.
- C. Y. Young, S. P.Ni, and K. S. Fan, Working towards a zero waste environment in Taiwan. Waste Management and Research (C. 28, Sayı 3, ss. 236-244), 2010. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X093376 59.
- Sıfır Atık Konulu Genelge 2024/24, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 32508, 2024.
- Çevre Kanunu (Ek:24/12/2020-7261/17 md.), T.C. Resmi Gazete, 2872, 1983.
- T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Çevre Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, Sıfır Atık Yönetim Sistemi Uygulama Kılavuzu – Kurum ve Kuruluş, 2020. https://cevresehiriklimkutuphanesi.csb.gov.tr/ ShowPDF/0eda1d0f-6fdd-4eac-a9a3-936dd7606225.
- Sıfır Atık Yönetmeliği, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 30829, 2019. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/0 7/20190712-9.htm.
- İSKİ, Rakamlarla İstanbul’da Su Yönetimi. https://iski.istanbul, Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2024.
- İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü Kuruluş ve Görevleri Hakkında Kanun, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 17523, 1981. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr /arsiv/17523.pdf.
- İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi 2021 – 2025 Stratejik Planı, 2020. https://cdn.iski.istanbul/uploads /Stratejik_Plan_2021_2025_1_e103e82664.pdf?_gl=1*5dgj5a*_ga*MTk0NzE5NzMwLjE3MTM3MDMzNDc.*_ga_RDP0Z933YX*MTcxNDQxNDUyMy4zLjEuMTcxNDQxNTI2NS4wLjAuMA.
- İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi 2024 Performans Programı, 2024. https://cdn.iski.istanbul/uploads/20 24_PERFORMANS_PROGRAMI_82da4531bf.pdf?_gl=1*6kc94n*_ga*MTk0NzE5NzMwLjE3MTM3MDMzNDc.*_ga_RDP0Z933YX*MTcxNDQxNDUyMy4zLjEuMTcxNDQxNTI2NS4wLjAuMA.
- 7/2156 sayılı Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 13801, 1971.
- 19/3/2001 tarih ve B.02.0.PPG.0.12-320-4421 sayılı Genelge, T.C. Başbakanlık Personel ve Prensipler Genel Müdürlüğü, 2001.
- Y. Van Fan, P. Jiang, M. Hemzal, and J. J. Klemeš, An update of COVID-19 influence on waste management. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.14201 4.
- H. B. Sharma, K. R. Vanapalli, V. S. Cheela, V. P. Ranjan, A. K. Jaglan, B. Dubey, S. Goel, and J. Bhattacharya, Challenges, opportunities, and innovations for effective solid waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 162, 2020. https://doi .org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105052.
- P. A. Jayasinghe, H. Jalilzadeh, and P. Hettiaratchi, The Impact of COVID-19 on Waste Infrastructure: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for a Sustainable Future. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health C. 20, Sayı 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054310.
- I. Piegdoń, and B. Tchórzewska-Cieślak, Seasonality of water supply network failure in the aspect of water supply safety. E3S Web of Conferences, 44, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400140.
- D. Młyński, T. Bergel, A. Młyńska and K. Kudlik, A study of the water supply system failure in terms of the seasonality: Analysis by statistical approaches. Aqua Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 70(3), 289-302, 2021.https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.151
- H. Rezaei, B. Ryan and I. Stoianov, Pipe failure analysis and impact of dynamic hydraulic conditions in water supply networks. Procedia Engineering, 119(1), 253-262, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proe ng.2015.08.883.
- Federation of Canadian Municipalities and National Research Couincil, Deterioration and inspection of water distribution systems a best practice by the national guide to sustainable municipal infrastructure, 2003.
- R. K. Mazumder, A. M. Salman, Y. Li and X. Yu, Performance Evaluation of Water Distribution Systems and Asset Management. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 24(3), 2018. https://doi.org/10 .1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000426.
- M. Meng, Z. Wen, W. Luo, and S. Wang, Approaches and policies to promote zero-waste city construction: China’s practices and lessons. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(24), 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s u132413537.
- Tasarruf Tedbirleri konulu Cumhurbaşkanlığı Genelgesi, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 31527, 2021.
- Tasarruf Tedbirleri konulu Cumhurbaşkanlığı Genelgesi, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 32549, 2024.
- W. Lu, Z. Bao, W. M. W. Lee, B. Chi, and J. Wang, An analytical framework of “zero waste construction site”: Two case studies of Shenzhen, China. Waste Management, 121, 343-353, 2021. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.wasman.2020.12.029.
- P. Usapein and O. Chavalparit, Development of sustainable waste management toward zero landfill waste for the petrochemical industry in Thailand using a comprehensive 3R methodology: A case study. Waste Management and Research, 32(6), 509-518, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14533604.
- EuRIC AISBL – Recycling: Bridging Circular Economy & Climate Policy, Metal Recycling Factsheet, Belçika, 2 Şubat 2020.
- M. K. Şeşen, G. Başman ve N. Ünlü, Metal hurdalarının geri kazanılması. 1. Demir-çelik Sempozyum Bildirileri/115 sayfa 1019-1024, 2000.
- Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, 2023 ISRI Recycled Materials Industry Yearbook, p.25, Washington, ABD, 2023.
- T. A. Kurniawan, R. Avtar, D. Singh, W. Xue, M. H. D. Othman, G. H. Hwang, I. Iswanto, A. B. Albadarin and A. O. Kern, Reforming MSWM in Sukunan (Yogjakarta, Indonesia): A case-study of applying a zero-waste approach based on circular economy paradigm. Journal of Cleaner Production C. 284, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124 775.
- F. Karahan, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Enflasyon Raporu Bilgilendirme Toplantısı 2024-1. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası Başkanına ait Konuşma, Ankara, 8 Şubat 2024.
Kamu kurumlarında sıfır atık yönetim sisteminin uygulanması: Su ve kanalizasyon idareleri üzerine bir inceleme
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1 - 1
Zehra Özger Koçak
Hüseyin Güven
Öz
Su ve kanalizasyon idareleri sadece su temini ve atıksu uzaklaştırma değil; aynı zamanda bu amaçla yapılan alt yapı çalışmaları ile bu çalışmalarda oluşan atıkların yönetimini ele alacak bütüncül bir yapıda olmalıdır. Bu çalışmada, sıfır atık yaklaşımı ile ilgili ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuat gözden geçirilmiş ve sıfır atık sisteminin bir su ve kanalizasyon idaresinde uygulanması değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çerçevede, İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi (İSKİ)’nin atık yönetim sistemi incelenmiş, oluşan atık türleri örnekleriyle verilmiştir. Atık yönetimine ilişkin veriler, İSKİ Atık Yönetimi Birimi tarafından tutulan kayıtlardan elde edilmiştir. 2019 - 2023 yılları arasında kurumda oluşan atık miktarının azalma eğilimi göstermesi ve yeniden kullanım oranının artması söz konusu dönemde İSKİ’de etkin bir atık yönetimi yürütüldüğünü göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Bu durum, kuruma ait sıfır atık yönetim sistemi performansında gelişme kaydedildiğini ortaya koyması açısından da önem taşımaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında ele alınan beş yıllık dönem için mevsimlere göre atık miktarları incelenmiş, beş yıllık toplam atık miktarının %17’sinin kış mevsiminde, %33’ünün ise sonbahar mevsiminde oluştuğu hesaplanmıştır. 2020 yılında ise ağırlıklı olarak Covid-19 salgını nedeniyle oluşan atık miktarı 2019 yılına göre yaklaşık %43 azalmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada ayrıca farklı idari birimlerde oluşan atıkların, geçici depolama alanına taşınma maliyeti hesaplanmıştır. Önemli miktarda atığın İstanbul’un Avrupa Yakası’ndan şehrin Anadolu Yakası’na taşınması sebebiyle Avrupa Yakası’nda yeni bir depolama alanı kurulması önerilmiştir. Bu önerinin uygulanması durumunda atık taşıma maliyetinin %68 düşeceği belirlenmiştir. Sıfır atık yönetim sisteminde hedeflenen verimli kaynak kullanımı açısından bu önerinin başarılı bir uygulama olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Teşekkür
Yazarlar, bu çalışmada kullanılan bilgilerin temini ve verilerin kullanılması ile ilgili verdiği izin için İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi’ne teşekkür etmektedir.
Kaynakça
- J. Singh, R. Laurenti, R. Sinha and B. Frostell, Progress and challenges to the global waste management system. Waste Management and Research, 32(9), 800-812, 2014. https://doi.org/10.11 77/0734242X14537868.
- Q. Song, J. Li and X. Zeng, Minimizing the increasing solid waste through zero waste strategy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 104, 199-210, 2015. https://doi.or g/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.027.
- M. Kurdve, S. Shahbazi, M. Wendin, C. Bengtsson and M. Wiktorsson, Waste flow mapping to improve sustainability of waste management: A case study approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 98, 304-315, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.076.
- S.D. Mancini, G. A. de Medeiros, M. X. Paes, B. O. S. de Oliveira, M. L. P. Antunes, R. G. de Souza, J. L. Ferraz, A. P. Bortoleto and J. A. P. de Oliveira, Circular Economy and Solid Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities in Brazil. Circular Economy and Sustainability C. 1, Sayı 1, ss. 261-282, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615 -021-00031-2.
- S. Kumar, A. D. Chintagunta, K. C. Sherpa and R. Banerjee, Institutional waste management. Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management ss. 49-63, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57076-1_3.
- A. Demirbas, G. Edris, and W. M. Alalayah, Sludge production from municipal wastewater treatment in sewage treatment plant. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects C. 39, Sayı 10, ss. 999-1006, 2017. https://doi.org/10.10 80/15567036.2017.1283551.
- Atık Yönetimi Yönetmeliği. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 29314, 2015. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/ 2015/04/20150402-2.htm.
- A. U. Zaman, and S. Lehmann, The zero waste index: A performance measurement tool for waste management systems in a “zero waste city”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 123-132, 2013. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.041.
- O. Romero-Hernández, and S. Romero, Maximizing the value of waste: From waste management to the circular economy. Thunderbird International Business Review, 60(5), 757-764, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002 /tie.21968.
- J. Malinauskaite, H. Jouhara, D. Czajczyńska, P. Stanchev, E. Katsou, P. Rostkowski, R. J. Thorne, J. Colón, S. Ponsá, F. Al-Mansour, L. Anguilano, R. Krzyżyńska, I. C. López, A. Vlasopoulos and N. Spencer, Municipal solid waste management and waste-to-energy in the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe. Energy, 141, 2013-2044, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11. 128.
- European Commission. Directive (EU) 2018//850 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste (Text with EEA relevance), 2018. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX% 3A32018L0850
- European Commission. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (Text with EEA relevance), 2008. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/ ?uri=CELEX:32008L0098.
- European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, The councili The european economic and social committee and the committee of the regions, Closing the loop – An EU action plan fort he Circular Economy, 2015. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:8a 8ef5e8-99a0-11e5-b3b7-01aa75ed71a1.0012.02/DO C_1&format=PDF
- European Comission, Circular economy action plan, 2020. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circu lar-economy-action-plan_en.
- European Commission, The European Green Deal, 2019. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-poli cy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en.
- WRAP. (Waste & Resources Action Programme). Materials Resource Efficiency in Street Works Utility Industry Agreement, t.y.
- C. Y. Young, S. P.Ni, and K. S. Fan, Working towards a zero waste environment in Taiwan. Waste Management and Research (C. 28, Sayı 3, ss. 236-244), 2010. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X093376 59.
- Sıfır Atık Konulu Genelge 2024/24, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 32508, 2024.
- Çevre Kanunu (Ek:24/12/2020-7261/17 md.), T.C. Resmi Gazete, 2872, 1983.
- T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Çevre Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, Sıfır Atık Yönetim Sistemi Uygulama Kılavuzu – Kurum ve Kuruluş, 2020. https://cevresehiriklimkutuphanesi.csb.gov.tr/ ShowPDF/0eda1d0f-6fdd-4eac-a9a3-936dd7606225.
- Sıfır Atık Yönetmeliği, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 30829, 2019. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/0 7/20190712-9.htm.
- İSKİ, Rakamlarla İstanbul’da Su Yönetimi. https://iski.istanbul, Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2024.
- İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü Kuruluş ve Görevleri Hakkında Kanun, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 17523, 1981. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr /arsiv/17523.pdf.
- İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi 2021 – 2025 Stratejik Planı, 2020. https://cdn.iski.istanbul/uploads /Stratejik_Plan_2021_2025_1_e103e82664.pdf?_gl=1*5dgj5a*_ga*MTk0NzE5NzMwLjE3MTM3MDMzNDc.*_ga_RDP0Z933YX*MTcxNDQxNDUyMy4zLjEuMTcxNDQxNTI2NS4wLjAuMA.
- İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi 2024 Performans Programı, 2024. https://cdn.iski.istanbul/uploads/20 24_PERFORMANS_PROGRAMI_82da4531bf.pdf?_gl=1*6kc94n*_ga*MTk0NzE5NzMwLjE3MTM3MDMzNDc.*_ga_RDP0Z933YX*MTcxNDQxNDUyMy4zLjEuMTcxNDQxNTI2NS4wLjAuMA.
- 7/2156 sayılı Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 13801, 1971.
- 19/3/2001 tarih ve B.02.0.PPG.0.12-320-4421 sayılı Genelge, T.C. Başbakanlık Personel ve Prensipler Genel Müdürlüğü, 2001.
- Y. Van Fan, P. Jiang, M. Hemzal, and J. J. Klemeš, An update of COVID-19 influence on waste management. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.14201 4.
- H. B. Sharma, K. R. Vanapalli, V. S. Cheela, V. P. Ranjan, A. K. Jaglan, B. Dubey, S. Goel, and J. Bhattacharya, Challenges, opportunities, and innovations for effective solid waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 162, 2020. https://doi .org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105052.
- P. A. Jayasinghe, H. Jalilzadeh, and P. Hettiaratchi, The Impact of COVID-19 on Waste Infrastructure: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for a Sustainable Future. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health C. 20, Sayı 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054310.
- I. Piegdoń, and B. Tchórzewska-Cieślak, Seasonality of water supply network failure in the aspect of water supply safety. E3S Web of Conferences, 44, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400140.
- D. Młyński, T. Bergel, A. Młyńska and K. Kudlik, A study of the water supply system failure in terms of the seasonality: Analysis by statistical approaches. Aqua Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 70(3), 289-302, 2021.https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.151
- H. Rezaei, B. Ryan and I. Stoianov, Pipe failure analysis and impact of dynamic hydraulic conditions in water supply networks. Procedia Engineering, 119(1), 253-262, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proe ng.2015.08.883.
- Federation of Canadian Municipalities and National Research Couincil, Deterioration and inspection of water distribution systems a best practice by the national guide to sustainable municipal infrastructure, 2003.
- R. K. Mazumder, A. M. Salman, Y. Li and X. Yu, Performance Evaluation of Water Distribution Systems and Asset Management. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 24(3), 2018. https://doi.org/10 .1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000426.
- M. Meng, Z. Wen, W. Luo, and S. Wang, Approaches and policies to promote zero-waste city construction: China’s practices and lessons. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(24), 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s u132413537.
- Tasarruf Tedbirleri konulu Cumhurbaşkanlığı Genelgesi, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 31527, 2021.
- Tasarruf Tedbirleri konulu Cumhurbaşkanlığı Genelgesi, T.C. Resmi Gazete, 32549, 2024.
- W. Lu, Z. Bao, W. M. W. Lee, B. Chi, and J. Wang, An analytical framework of “zero waste construction site”: Two case studies of Shenzhen, China. Waste Management, 121, 343-353, 2021. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.wasman.2020.12.029.
- P. Usapein and O. Chavalparit, Development of sustainable waste management toward zero landfill waste for the petrochemical industry in Thailand using a comprehensive 3R methodology: A case study. Waste Management and Research, 32(6), 509-518, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14533604.
- EuRIC AISBL – Recycling: Bridging Circular Economy & Climate Policy, Metal Recycling Factsheet, Belçika, 2 Şubat 2020.
- M. K. Şeşen, G. Başman ve N. Ünlü, Metal hurdalarının geri kazanılması. 1. Demir-çelik Sempozyum Bildirileri/115 sayfa 1019-1024, 2000.
- Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, 2023 ISRI Recycled Materials Industry Yearbook, p.25, Washington, ABD, 2023.
- T. A. Kurniawan, R. Avtar, D. Singh, W. Xue, M. H. D. Othman, G. H. Hwang, I. Iswanto, A. B. Albadarin and A. O. Kern, Reforming MSWM in Sukunan (Yogjakarta, Indonesia): A case-study of applying a zero-waste approach based on circular economy paradigm. Journal of Cleaner Production C. 284, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124 775.
- F. Karahan, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Enflasyon Raporu Bilgilendirme Toplantısı 2024-1. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası Başkanına ait Konuşma, Ankara, 8 Şubat 2024.