Per- ve Polifloroalkil maddelerin (sonsuz kimyasalların) çevredeki kalıcılığı, yayılımı, birikimi ve sağlığa etkileri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1 - 1

Meral Yurtsever

https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1537421

Öz

Per- ve polifloroalkil maddeler (PFAS) her alanda yaygın kullanılan ve yüksek kararlılıkları nedeniyle de çevrede kalıcı halde biriken sentetik kimyasallardır. Florlanmış hidrofobik bir kuyruk ve hidrofilik bir fonksiyonel grup içeren kısa ve uzun zincirli bileşikleri sayesinde yapısal olarak çok çeşitli olan bu maddeler, yağ ve su itici özellikleri nedeniyle birçok endüstriyel ve tüketici ürününde yer almakta; ancak canlılarda biyobirikim ve toksisite riskleri taşımaktadır. Küresel ölçekte 4700’den fazla türü üretilmiş olan PFAS'ların uzun zincirli türleri kısa zincirlilere göre daha kalıcıdır, ancak iki grubunda oluşturabileceği toksik riskler benzer olabilmektedir. 1940’lardaki ilk üretiminden bu yana çevresel ortamlarda (hava-su-toprak-biyota) birikmeye başlayan, bitkilerde ve hayvanlarda biyokümüle olabilen PFAS’ların, insan sağlığı üzerinde kanser, hormonal bozukluklar ve bağışıklık sistemi üzerinde olumsuz etkiler sergilediği anlaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle PFAS'ların kontrolü ve çevresel izleme stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi önem kazanmıştır. PFAS’ların tespitinde, çevreden uzaklaştırılmasında ve kontrolünde dikkatle ele alınması gereken birçok zorluk bulunmaktadır. Gelecekte sürdürülebilirlik açısından, öncelikle mevcut PFAS üretimi sınırlandırılıp tüketim alışkanlıkları çevre dostu ürünlere kaydırılarak PFAS’ların kaynakta azaltılması gereklidir. PFAS’ların ölçülmesiyle ilgili analitik tekniklerin küresel ölçekte yaygınlaşması ve geliştirilmesi, PFAS’ların ve yan ürünlerinin izlenmesi, maruziyet ve toksisite seviyelerinin ortaya çıkarılması, risk değerlendirmelerinin yapılması, PFAS’ların kaynaklarından bertarafına kadar her kademede kontrol sağlanarak yönetilmesi, bu sonsuz maddelerin gelecekteki etkilerinin anlaşılabilmesi ve uygun şekilde kontrol edilmesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, PFAS'ların çevredeki kalıcılığını, hareketliliğini, taşınım ve birikimini ele alarak insan sağlığı üzerindeki potansiyel riskleri ve bu doğrultuda alınması gereken izleme ve kontrol önlemlerinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekotoksik, Hareketlilik, Kalıcı kirleticiler, Oleofobik, PFAS.

Persistence, distribution, accumulation and health effects of forever chemicals (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) in the environment

Öz

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used synthetic chemicals that accumulate persistently in the environment due to their high stability. These substances, which are structurally diverse thanks to their short and long-chain compounds containing a fluorinated hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic functional group, are used in many industrial and consumer products due to their oil and water repellent properties; however, they carry bioaccumulation and toxicity risks. More than 4700 types of PFASs have been produced globally and long-chain types are more persistent than short-chain types, but the toxic risks they may pose in both groups may be similar. Since their first production in the 1940s, PFASs, which have begun to accumulate in environmental compartments (air-water-soil-biota) and can bioaccumulate in plants and animals, have been understood to have adverse effects on human health, such as cancer, hormonal disorders, and the immune system. Therefore, the control of PFASs and the development of environmental monitoring strategies have gained importance. There are many challenges in detecting, removing and controlling PFASs from the environment that need to be carefully addressed. For future sustainability, PFASs need to be reduced at source, primarily by limiting current PFAS production and shifting consumption patterns towards environmentally friendly products. It is of great importance for understanding and appropriately controlling the future impacts of these forever substances that analytical techniques for measuring PFASs become widespread on a global scale, that PFASs and their by-products are monitored, exposure and toxicity levels are revealed, risk assessments are made and PFASs are managed by providing control at every level from their sources to their disposal. This study addresses the persistence, mobility, transport and accumulation of PFASs in the environment and highlights the potential risks to human health and the importance of monitoring and control measures to be taken accordingly.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecotoxic, Mobility, Persistent pollutants, Oleophobic, PFAS.

Kaynakça

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