The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Molecular Mechanism of Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA transcripts, which have not an open-reading frame and cannot be translated into protein. ncRNAs have mediator roles in the transcription and the post-transcription processes and have numerous cellular functions which still continue to be explored. The best known of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules (~22 nt) which regulate the expressions of the targeted genes by leading to either of the transcriptional repression or mRNA degradation. Longer than 200 nucleotides, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are heterogenic RNAs which have many subclasses. These RNA molecules play a part in chromatin remodeling, histone modification, and transcriptional and translational gene expression regulations by interacting with DNA or proteins by their secondary and tertiary structural nature. miRNAs and lncRNAs are irregularly expressed in many types of cancer including prostate cancer. The present review explains the importance of miRNA, lncRNA, and other ncRNAs in the molecular biology of prostate cancer and emphasizes their employability in the diagnosis and the targetable treatments.

Keywords

• lncRNA,miRNA,ncRNA,prostate cancer

Prostat kanseri moleküler mekanizmasında kodlanmayan RNA’ların rolü

Öz

Kodlanmayan RNA’lar (ncRNA), bir açık okuma çerçevesi bulunmayan ve proteine çevrilemeyen işlevsel RNA transkriptleridir. NcRNA’lar transkripsiyon ve transkripsiyon sonrası işlemlerde düzenleyici rollere ve halen açıklanmaya devam eden çok sayıda hücresel fonksiyona sahiptir. NcRNA’lardan en iyi bilinenleri mikro RNA’lar (miRNA), hedefledikleri genlerin ya translasyonel baskılanmasına ya da mRNA yıkımına yol açarak gen ifadesini düzenleyen küçük (~22 nt) RNA molekülleridir. Uzun kodlanmayan RNA’lar (lncRNA), uzunluğu 200 nükleotidden daha büyük olan ve birçok alt sınıfı bulunan heterojen RNA’lardır. Bu RNA molekülleri kendilerine özgül ikincil ve üçüncül yapıları gereği DNA veya proteinler ile etkileşime girerek kromatin yeniden şekillenmesi, histon modifikasyonu, gen ifadesinin transkripsiyonel ve translasyonel düzenlenmesi gibi önemli işlevler üstlenirler. Hem miRNA’lar hem de lncRNA’lar prostat kanseri dâhil birçok kanser çeşidinde düzensiz ifade edilmektedirler. Bu derleme, miRNA, lncRNA ve diğer ncRNA’ların prostat kanserinin moleküler biyolojisinde önemini açıklayarak prostat kanserinin ayırıcı tanısında ve hedeflenebilir tedavisinde kullanılabilirliğini vurgulamaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• lncRNA,miRNA,ncRNA,prostat kanseri

Kaynakça

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