İNSANLIĞA KARŞI SUÇLAR VE SOYKIRIM SUÇUNUN GELİŞİMİ: NÜRNBERG ULUSLARARASI ASKERİ CEZA MAHKEMESİNİN FARKLI ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2024, , 69 - 124, 08.07.2024

Yener Yıldırımkal

https://doi.org/10.51562/nkuhukuk.2024513

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşı yılları, uluslararası suçların geniş ölçekte işlendiği bir dönem olmuştur. Henüz savaş devam ederken, Müttefik Devletler, Mihver Devletleri adına hareket ederek suç işleyen kişileri cezalandırma iradelerini açıklamış, savaşın sona ermesiyle birlikte bu yöndeki ortak irade hayata geçirilmiştir. Savaşta işlenen bazı suçlar, Müttefik Devletlerin ulusal askeri ceza mahkemelerinde kovuşturulmuş olmakla birlikte, ‘büyük savaş suçlusu’ kabul edilen kişilerin yargılanması için, biri Tokyo diğeri Nürnberg’de olmak üzere iki ayrı uluslararası ceza mahkemesi kurulmuştur. Avrupa Mihver Devletleri adına hareket eden kişileri yargılamak üzere kurulan Nürnberg Uluslararası Askeri Ceza Mahkemesi’nin statüsünde (m.6/c), insanlığa karşı suçlar tarihte ilk defa tanımlanmıştır. Statü, bu yönüyle uluslararası ceza hukukunun gelişiminde önemli bir adım teşkil etmektedir. Soykırım suçu bakımından ise durum farklıdır. Mahkeme’nin madde bakımından yetkisini düzenleyen Statü m. 6’da soykırım suçuna yer verilmediği gibi, hükümde de bu suçtan bahsedilmemiştir. İddianameye bakıldığında, soykırımın bağımsız bir suçlama olarak sanıklara yüklenmediği, işgal edilen bölgelerdeki sivil halka karşı işlenen bir savaş suçu olarak değerlendirildiği görülmektedir. Bu makalede, Londra Konferansı hazırlık çalışmalarından başlayarak, hükmün tefhimine kadar devam eden Nürnberg sürecinde, inceleme konusu suçların maddi ceza hukuku bakımından nasıl ele alındığı, bu ‘yeni’ suçlarla uluslararası örf ve adette yer alan ‘klasik’ savaş suçları arasındaki ilişkinin nasıl yorumlandığı açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nürnberg, Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku, İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar, Savaş Suçları, Soykırım Suçu.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AND THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE: DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF THE NUREMBERG INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL

Öz

The Second World War and the years leading up to it were a period of large-scale international crimes. While the war was still ongoing, the Allied States declared their will to punish those who committed crimes while acting on behalf of the Axis States, and this common will was put into practice with the end of the war. Although some crimes committed during the war were prosecuted in the national military tribunals of the Allied States, two separate international criminal tribunals, one in Tokyo and one in Nuremberg, were established for the prosecution of persons deemed to be ‘major war criminals’. The statute of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, which was established to prosecute persons acting on behalf of the European Axis Powers, defined crimes against humanity for the first time in history (Art. 6/c). In this respect, the Statute constitutes an important step in the development of international criminal law. The case is different with regard to the crime of genocide. Article 6 of the Statute, which regulates the Court's material jurisdiction, does not include the crime of genocide, nor is this crime mentioned in the judgment. When the indictment is examined, it is seen that genocide is not charged as an independent crime, but is considered as a type of war crime committed against the civilian population in the occupied territories. In this article it has been tried to explain how the crimes under discussion were handled in terms of substantive criminal law and to put forward how the relationship between these 'new' crimes and the 'classic' war crimes was interpreted at Nuremberg, starting from the preparatory work of the London Conference until the pronouncement of the judgment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes, Crime of Genocide.

DIE ENTWICKLUNG DER VERBRECHEN GEGEN DIE MENSCHLICHKEIT UND DES VERBRECHENS DES VÖLKERMORDES: UNTERSCHIEDLICHE AUSWIRKUNGEN DES INTERNATIONALEN MILITÄRGERICHTSHOFS IN NÜRNBERG

Öz

Der Zweite Weltkrieg und die Jahre davor waren eine Zeit der internationalen Verbrechen im großen Stil. Noch während des Krieges erklärten die alliierten Staaten ihren Willen, diejenigen zu bestrafen, die im Auftrag der Achsenmächte Verbrechen begangen hatten, und dieser gemeinsame Wille wurde mit dem Ende des Krieges in die Tat umgesetzt. Obwohl einige der während des Krieges begangenen Verbrechen vor den nationalen Militärgerichten der alliierten Staaten verfolgt wurden, wurden zwei getrennte internationale Strafgerichtshöfe, einer in Tokio und einer in Nürnberg, für die Verfolgung von Personen eingerichtet, die als "Hauptkriegsverbrecher" galten. Das Statut des Internationalen Militärgerichtshofs in Nürnberg, der zur Verfolgung von Personen eingerichtet wurde, die im Namen der europäischen Achsenmächte handelten, definierte zum ersten Mal in der Geschichte Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (Art. 6/c). In dieser Hinsicht stellt das Statut einen wichtigen Schritt in der Entwicklung des internationalen Strafrechts dar. Anders verhält es sich mit dem Verbrechen des Völkermordes. In Artikel 6 des Statuts, der die materielle Zuständigkeit des Gerichtshofs regelt, ist das Verbrechen des Völkermords nicht enthalten, und auch im Urteil wird dieses Verbrechen nicht erwähnt. Bei der Prüfung der Anklageschrift wird deutlich, dass der Völkermord nicht als eigenständiges Verbrechen angeklagt ist, sondern als eine Art Kriegsverbrechen gegen die Zivilbevölkerung in den besetzten Gebieten betrachtet wird. In diesem Artikel wurde versucht zu erläutern, wie die zur Diskussion stehenden Verbrechen in Bezug auf das materielle Strafrecht behandelt wurden, und darzulegen, wie das Verhältnis zwischen diesen "neuen" Verbrechen und den "klassischen" Kriegsverbrechen in Nürnberg interpretiert wurde, beginnend mit den Vorbereitungsarbeiten der Londoner Konferenz bis zur Verkündung des Urteils.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nürnberg, Internationales Strafrecht, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit, Kriegsverbrechen, Verbrechen des Völkermordes.

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