Peru’da yerlilik, devlet politikaları ve siyasal dışlanma: Tarihsel bir analiz

Öz

Günümüzde yerli halkların mücadelesi birçok ülkeyi doğrudan etkilemektedir. Latin Amerika yerli mücadelesinin yoğun olduğu bölgelerden bir tanesidir. Bazı ülkelerde yerli aktörler devlet başkanlığına kadar yükselip ulusal siyasette belirleyici bir rol üstlenirken, kimi ülkelerde yerli nüfusun yoğunluğuna karşın yerli örgütlenmelerin yokluğu ve zayıflığı göze çarpmaktadır. Bunun en bariz örneği olarak Peru gösterilebilir. Bu çalışma, Latin Amerika’da son otuz yılda güç kazanan yerli hareketlerinin genel eğiliminden ayrışan Peru örneğini tarihsel ve siyasal bağlamıyla incelemektedir. Bölgedeki birçok ülkede yerli topluluklar kültürel tanınma, siyasal temsil ve hak taleplerinde önemli ilerlemeler kaydetmiş olsa da geniş yerli nüfusa sahip Peru’da yerli hareketinin neden zayıf kaldığı temel araştırma sorusunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma, Peru’daki bu özgün durumu açıklayabilmek için öncelikle uluslararası yerli hakları çerçevesini ele almaktadır. Ardından Peru’nun demografik incelemesine yer verilmekte ve Peru toplumunda yerli olmanın anlamı incelenmektedir. Sonrasında Peru demokrasisine ve yerli halkların mücadelesine yer verilmektedir. Bu mücadele bazen Sendero Luminoso örneğinde olduğu gibi silahlı mücadeleye evrilmiştir. Sendero’nun örgütsel yapısı, stratejisi ve yerli hareketi açısından önemi ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada doküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma hazırlanırken ağırlıklı olarak -yabancı literatüre- başvurulmuş olup bilimsel makaleler ve kitaplar taranıp analizler yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, tarih boyunca birçok kez yerli ayaklanmalarına sahne olsa da Peru’da yerli aktivizmi ve hareketinin diğer Latin Amerikalı emsallerine nazaran zayıf ve parçalanmış olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Şu ana kadar ortak bir yerli kimliğinin inşa edilemediği ifade edilebilir. Ortak yerli kimliğin geliş(e)memesinde kamu politikalarının da etkili olduğu görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Peru
• yerli halklar
• yerli aktivizmi
• yerli hakları
• Sendero Luminoso

Indigenousness, state policies, and political exclusion in Peru: A historical analysis

Öz

Today, the struggles of indigenous peoples directly affect many countries. Latin America is one of the regions where indigenous struggles are intense. In some countries, indigenous actors have risen to the presidency and assumed a decisive role in national politics, while in other countries, despite the large indigenous population, the absence and weakness of indigenous organizations is striking. Peru may be cited as the most obvious example of this. This study examines the Peruvian case, which diverges from the general trend of indigenous movements gaining strength in Latin America over the past thirty years, within its historical and political context. Although indigenous communities in many countries in the region have made significant progress in terms of cultural recognition, political representation, and rights claims, the fundamental research question is why the indigenous movement has remained weak in Peru, which has a large indigenous population. In order to explain this unique situation in Peru, the study first addresses the international framework of indigenous rights. It then examines Peru's demographics and explores the meaning of being indigenous in Peruvian society. Subsequently, it addresses Peruvian democracy and the struggle of indigenous peoples. This struggle has sometimes evolved into armed conflict, as in the case of Sendero Luminoso. Sendero's organizational structure, strategy, and the importance of Sendero from the perspective of the indigenous movement are highlighted. This study employs the document review method. While preparing the study, foreign literature was primarily consulted, and scientific articles and books were reviewed and analysed. The study concludes that, despite being the scene of numerous indigenous uprisings throughout history, indigenous activism and movements in Peru are weak and fragmented compared to their Latin American counterparts. It may be said that a common indigenous identity has not been established so far. Public policies have also been seen to be effective in preventing the development of a common indigenous identity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Peru
• indigenous peoples
• indigenous activism
• indigenous rights
• Sendero Luminoso

Kaynakça

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