Emekli Subayların Bakış Açısından Türkiye'nin Dış Politika Alternatifleri Ve Güvenlik Sorunları

Öz

Ülkelerin dış işleri ve güvenlikle ilgili meseleleri tartışılırken ve politikaları oluşturulurken, bu alanlarda çalışanların görüş ve deneyimlerinden faydalanmak önemli katkılar sağlayabilir. Bu durum özellikle Türkiye gibi dış ilişkiler ve güvenlik açısından son derece dinamik ve çok değişkenli bir coğrafyada yer alan ülkeler için geçerlidir. Söz konusu dinamizm ve çok değişkenlilik içerisinde Türkiye için en iyi dış politika seçeneği nedir? Ya da ülkenin karşı karşıya bulunduğu en önemli sorunlar ve güvenlik meseleleri nelerdir? Bu makale, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri’nden emekli subaylar ile yapılan bir ankete dayanarak bu soruların cevaplarını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Türkiye
• Dış ve Güvenlik Politikası
• Avrupa Birliği
• Göç
• Terör
• Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri

Türkiye’s Foreign Policy Alternatives and Security Problems from the Perspective of Retired Officers

Abstract

While discussing foreign affairs and security issues of countries and formulating policies, benefiting from the views and experiences of professionals actively engaged in these fields can make significant contributions. This is especially true for a country like Türkiye, which is located in a highly dynamic and complex geography in terms of foreign affairs and security. What is the best foreign policy option for Türkiye in this dynamic and multivariate environment? Or what are the most important problems and security issues facing the country? This article aims to analyse the answers to these questions based on a survey of retired officers of the Turkish Armed Forces.

Keywords

• Turkey
• Foreign and Security Policy
• European Union
• Migration
• Turkish Armed Forces
• Terror

Kaynakça

1. Almond, G. (1960). The American people and foreign policy. Praeger.
2. Arai, H. (2021). Turkish foreign policy, state identity and elites: continuity and transformation. Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, 2 (2), 88-103.
3. Aras, B. (2018). State capacity, foreign/security policy and political crisis in Turkey: The promise of administrative reform, Istanbul Policy Centre.
4. Born, H., Caparini, M., Haltiner, K. and Kuhlmann, J. (2006). Civilians and the military in Europe, H. Born, M. Caparini, K. W. Haltiner and J. Kuhlmann (eds.), Civil-Military relations in Europe Learning from crisis and institutional change, London, Routledge, 3-17
5. Cohen, E. A. (2001). Twilight of the citizen-soldier. Parameters, 31 (2), 23-28.
6. Destradi, S., Plagemann, J. and Taş, H. (2022). Populism and the politicisation of foreign policy. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 24 (3), 475-492.
7. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. National foreign policy in the ‘century of Türkiye’. (2024). online at https://www.mfa.gov.tr/synopsis-of-the-turkish-foreign-policy.en.mfa
8. European Council. (2018). Outcome of proceeding, 26 June, 10555/18.

9. Foster, A. (2006). Armed forces and society in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
10. Freedman, L. (1976). Logic, Politics and Foreign Policy Processes: A Critique of the Bureaucratic Politics Model. International Affairs, 52(3), 434–449.
11. Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2024). Düzensiz Göç. https://www.goc.gov.tr/duzensiz- goc-istatistikler
12. Gökalp Aras, N. E. and Şahin Mencütek, Z. (2018). Evaluation of irregular migration governance in Turkey from a foreign policy perspective. New Perspectives on Turkey, 59, 63-88.
13. Gürcan, M. (2016). Opening the black box: The transformation of the Turkish military, PhD Thesis, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.
14. Holsti, O. R. (1992). Public opinion and foreign policy: Challenges to the Almond- Lippmann consensus Mershon series: Research programs and debates. International Studies Quarterly, 36 (4), 439-466.
15. İçduygu, A. ve Aksel, D. B. (2012). Irregular migration in Turkey. International Organization for Migration in Turkey.
16. Ilhan, S. (2003). Avrupa Birliği’ne Neden Hayır?-Jeopolitik Yaklaşım. Otuken Publishing.
17. Kayhan Pusane, Ö. (2015). Turkey's military victory over the PKK and its failure to end the PKK insurgency. Middle Eastern Studies, 51 (5): 727-741.
18. Keyman, F. ve İçduygu, A. (2009). Vatandaşlık, kimlik ve Türkiye’de Demokrasi Sorunu. F. Keyman ve A. İçduygu (Eds.), Küreselleşme, Avrupalılaşma ve Türkiye’de Vatandaşlık. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1-25.
19. Kınıklıoğlu, S. (2022). Eurasianism in Turkey, 2022. SWP Research Paper 7. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik.
20. Koydemir Avcı, F. S. (2019). Transformation of Civil-Military Relations: An Analysis of the Officers’ Views about the Civilianization Reform Process in Turkey (1999-2016). Master’s Thesis. Middle East Technical University.
21. Kuhlmann, J. (ed.) (1996). The present and future of the military profession – views of European officers. Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut Der Bundeswehr.
22. Mannitz, S. (2013). The “Democratic Soldier”: Comparing Concepts and Practices in Europe, the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. London: Ubiquity Press.
23. Mearsheimer, J. J. (1990). Back to the future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War. International Security, 15, 5–56.
24. Mellors, C. and McKean, J. (1984). The Politics of Conscription in Western Europe. West European Politics, 7 (3): 25-42.
25. Mitchell, C. R. (1971). Foreign policy problems and polarised political communities: Some implications of a simple model. British Journal of Political Science, 1 (2), 223-251.
26. Morgenthau, H. J. (1960). Politics among nations. Alfred A. Knopf.
27. Onat, I. and Çubukçu, S. (2019). Unresolved conflict, urban insurgency and devastating consequences in Turkey between 2015 and 2016. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 14(2), 164-182.
28. Önsel, M. (2017). Hulusi Akar’a benim de soracaklarım var. Retrieved from: https://www.odatv4.com/yazarlar/mustafa-onsel/hulusi-akara-benim-de- soracaklarim-var-118568
29. Özkaya, T. ve Budak, C. M. (2022). ‘Amirallerin Montrö Bildirisi’ davasında karar açıklandı. Retrieved from: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/amirallerin- montro-bildirisi-davasinda-karar-aciklandi-/2768136#
30. PwC. (2024). Türkiye ve Dünya Ekonomisindeki Son Gelişmeler. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com.tr/tr/gundem/blog/endustri/turkiye-ve-dunya- ekonomisindeki-son-gelismeler.html
31. Robins, P. (1997). Turkish foreign policy under Erbakan. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 39 (2), 82-100.
32. Sakallioğlu Cizre, Ü. (1997). The anatomy of the Turkish military's political autonomy. Comparative Politics, 29 (2), 151-166.
33. Samur, H. (2011). Avrupalılaşma süreci ve kürtler – Diyarbakır özelinde 2000’lerin analizi. Nobel Kitabevi.
34. Smith, M. (2016).. M. Cini and N. Pérez-Solórzano Borragán (Eds.), European EU external relations Union politics. Fifth Edition. Oxford University Press, 214- 226.
35. Smith, D.T. (2020). Foreign Policy, populism and international ethics. Birgit Schippers (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook to Rethinking Ethics in International Relations, (pp. 136-147). Abingdon: Routledge.
36. Şener, N. (2023). PKK terörüne 39 yılda her gün 1 şehit. Hürriyet Newspaper. Retrieved from: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/nedim-sener/pkk- terorune-39-yilda-her-gun-1-sehit-42314484
37. Terkoğlu, B. (2024). Ya bakan ya başkan yalan söylüyor. Cumhuriyet Newspaper. Retrieved from: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/baris-terkoglu/ya- bakan-ya-baskan-yalan-soyluyor-2159086
38. Vennesson, P. (2003). Civil-military relations in France: Is there a gap? Journal of Strategic Studies, 26 (2), 29-42.