Kuşak ve Yol’dan Make in India’ya: Küresel Ekonomik Katılımın Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analizi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 295 - 317, 31.12.2025

Ferhat Çağrı Aras

Öz

Çin ve Hindistan, ekonomik kalkınma, yönetişim modelleri ve küresel ekonomik dönüşüm üzerine yürütülen güncel tartışmaları şekillendiren en etkili aktörlerden ikisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Benzer yapısal baskılarla karşı karşıya olmalarına karşın belirgin biçimde farklı kalkınma yolları izleyen önde gelen gelişmekte olan ekonomiler olarak bu iki ülkenin deneyimleri; alternatif büyüme stratejileri, bölgesel kalkınma ve küresel ekonomik entegrasyona ilişkin önemli içgörüler sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, özellikle yönetişim yapıları, bölgesel kalkınma politikaları ve küresel ekonomik katılım biçimlerine odaklanarak Çin ve Hindistan’ın kalkınma stratejileri arasındaki farklılıkları incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nitel karşılaştırmalı bir araştırma tasarımına dayanan analiz, resmî politika belgeleri, kalkınma planları ve ikincil akademik kaynakların doküman analizi ile birlikte nitel içerik analizi yöntemlerine dayanmaktadır. Karşılaştırmalı değerlendirme; yönetişim ve planlama mekanizmaları, mekânsal eşitsizliklerin yönetilmesine yönelik bölgesel kalkınma stratejileri ve küresel ekonomik entegrasyon yaklaşımları olmak üzere üç temel ölçüt etrafında yapılandırılmıştır. Bu çerçevede özellikle Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi (Belt and Road Initiative-BRI) ile Hindistan’ın Make in India programı karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Her iki vakaya tutarlı bir analitik boyutlar setinin uygulanması ise sistematik ve kavramsal açıdan dengeli bir karşılaştırma yapılmasına imkân tanımaktadır. Bulgular, Çin’in kalkınma stratejisinin; uzun vadeli planlama, büyük ölçekli altyapı yatırımları ve altyapı temelli küresel angajmanı önceleyen merkezî ve devlet öncülüğünde bir yönetişim modeli tarafından şekillendirildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşılık Hindistan’ın kalkınma yaklaşımı, düzenleyici reformları, doğrudan yabancı yatırımları ve küresel değer zincirlerine ortaklık temelli entegrasyonu önceleyen daha adem-i merkeziyetçi ve piyasa odaklı bir modeli yansıtmaktadır. Normatif değerlendirmelerden kaçınan çalışma, farklı yönetişim mantıklarının benzer küresel koşullar altında nasıl farklı güçlü yönler ve kısıtlar ürettiğini vurgulamaktadır. Makale, betimleyici politika anlatılarının ötesine geçen ve Çin ile Hindistan’a ilişkin kavramsal olarak tutarlı bir karşılaştırmalı analiz sunarak karşılaştırmalı kalkınma literatürüne katkıda bulunmaktadır. Yönetişim yapıları ile bölgesel kalkınma stratejileri ve küresel ekonomik katılım arasındaki ilişkileri birlikte ele alan çalışma, Küresel Güney’deki gelişmekte olan ekonomiler için alternatif kalkınma yollarına dair özgün içgörüler ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin , Hindistan , Kalkınma Stratejileri , Make in India , Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, yazarın Noida International Üniversitesi ’nde hazırladığı “Make in India Initiative: A Study for Sustainable Development” başlıklı doktora tezinden türetilmiştir.

From the Belt and Road to Make in India: A Comparative Assessment of Global Economic Engagement

Öz

China and India have emerged as two of the most influential actors shaping contemporary debates on economic development, governance models, and global economic transformation. As leading emerging economies facing similar structural pressures yet pursuing markedly different development paths, their experiences provide valuable insights into alternative strategies of growth, regional development, and global economic integration. Within this context, this study aims to explore how China and India differ in their development strategies with particular attention to governance structures, regional development policies, and modes of global economic engagement. Drawing on a qualitative comparative research design, the analysis is based on document analysis and qualitative content analysis of official policy documents, development plans, and secondary academic sources. The comparative assessment is structured around three core criteria: governance and planning mechanisms, regional development strategies aimed at managing spatial inequalities, and approaches to global economic integration, with particular emphasis on Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Make in India program. Applying a consistent set of analytical dimensions to both cases allows for a systematic and conceptually balanced comparison. The findings suggest that China’s development strategy is shaped by a centralized, state-led governance model emphasizing long-term planning, large-scale infrastructure investment, and infrastructure-driven global engagement. In contrast, India’s development approach reflects a more decentralized and market-oriented model prioritizing regulatory reform, foreign direct investment, and partnership-based integration into global value chains. Rather than advancing normative evaluations, the study highlights how distinct governance logics produce different strengths and constraints under comparable global conditions. The article contributes to the literature on comparative development by offering a conceptually consistent analysis of China and India that moves beyond descriptive policy narratives. By linking governance structures to regional development strategies and global economic engagement, the study provides original insights into alternative development pathways among emerging economies in the Global South.

Anahtar Kelimeler

China , India , Development Strategies , Make in India , Belt and Road Initiative

Etik Beyan

This study is derived from the author’s doctoral dissertation titled ‘Make in India Initiative: A Study for Sustainable Development’ completed at Noida International University.

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