Emergence and Evolution of the Hindutva Discourse in India

Öz

The Hindu ultra-nationalist discourse became known around the world in 1992 when Hindu fanatics demolished the Babri Masjid in the city of Ayodhya. Though those fanatics claimed it was the birthplace of Ram, one of the Hindu gods. This event was the first sign that the problems arising from ultra-nationalist groups in India would continue to grow in the future. Because of that violence, the discourse of the Bharatiya Janata Party has also become a focal point by the experts of Indian politics. As a result, studies made on that discourse, the Discourse of Hindutva. A descriptive study was conducted by using primary and secondary sources while this thought was under the spotlight. The conclusion reached as a result of this study is that the supporters of Hindutva thought to pursue an imaginary ideal of community/society conceptualised by Benedict Anderson.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hindutva
• V. D. Savarkar
• M. S. Golwalkar
• Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sang-RSS
• Bharatiya Janata Party

Hindistan’da Hindutva Söylemi’nin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Gelişimi

Öz

Hindu aşırı milliyetçi söyleminin dünya genelinde bilinir hale gelmesi, 1992 yılında Hindu fanatiklerin, Hindu tanrılarından birisi olan Ram’ın doğum yeri olduğunu iddia ettikleri Ayodhya şehrindeki Babri Mescidi’ni yıkmaları ile olmuştur. Bu olay Hindistan’daki fanatik ve aşırı milliyetçi gruplardan kaynaklanacak sorunların ileride artarak devam edeceğinin ilk işareti olmuştur. Bu şiddet olayları yüzünden aşırılık yanlısı bu Hindu milliyetçisi grupların partisi olan Bharatiya Janata Party/Hindistan Halkı’nın Partisi’nin Hindistan siyasi hayatında izlediği seyir de konunun Hindistan siyaseti uzmanlarınca daha fazla dikkate alınır hale gelmiştir. Bunun sonucunda konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar bu aşırılık yanlısı hareketin temelinde yatan ve Hindu fanatizmini besleyen düşünceyi de gün yüzüne çıkarmıştır. Bu düşünce Hindutva-Hinduluk düşüncesidir. Bu düşünce mercek altına alınırken birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar kullanılarak tanımlayıcı bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda ulaşılan sonuç ise Hindutva düşüncesi taraftarlarının Benedict Anderson’un kavramsallaştırdığı türde bir hayali cemaat/toplum ideali peşinde koştuklarıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hindutva
• V. D. Savarkar
• M. S. Golwalkar
• Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sang-RSS
• Bharatiya Janata Partisi

Kaynakça

1. Aquil, R. (1997-1998). Conversion in Chisti Sufi literature (13th and 14th Centuries). Indian Historical Review, 24(1/2), 70-94.
2. Argov, D. (1969). Moderates and extremists in Indian National Movement. Kalküta: Asia Publishing House.
3. Bacchetta, P. (1996). Hindu nationalist women as ideologues. Kumari Jayawardena ve Malathi de Alwis (Ed.). Embodied violence: Communalizing women’s sexuality in South Asia. Londra: Zed Books, 126-167.
4. Bacchetta, P. ve Power, M. (Ed.). (2002). Right-Wing women: From conservatives to extremists around the World. New York: Routledge.
5. Banerjee, R. (1999). Staines’ killing: Murder of Australian missionary and his two sons in Orissa Shocks India. India Today. Erişim: https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19990208-staines-killing-murder-of-australian-missionary-and-his-two-sons-in-orissa-shocks-india-780092-1999-02-08
6. Basuğuy, B. (2013). Babürlü İmparatorluğu’nun siyasi tarihi üzerine bir değerlendirme. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(5), 29-48.
7. Baxter, C. (1969). Jana Sangh: A biography of an Indian political party. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
8. Bayly, C. A. (1985). The pre-history of “communalism?”, Religious conflict in India, 1700- 1860. Modern Asian Studies, 19(2), 177-203.

9. BBC News. (2020). L K Advani: The man who scripted the rise of India’s BJP. Erişim: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22837442
10. Bhagavan, M. (2008). Princely states and the Hindu imaginery: Exploring the cartography of Hindu nationalism in colonial India. The Journal of Asian Studies, 67(3), 881-915.
11. Bhattacharjee, M. (2021). Building a ‘hindu rasthra’ through ‘seva’. Economic and Political Weekly, 56(3).
12. Bhargava, R. (1996). How not to defend secularism. Bidwai, P., Mukhia H. ve Vanaik, A. (Ed.). (1996). Religion, religiosity and communalism. Yeni Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 57-74.
13. Bidwai, P. ve Vanaik, A. (2002). South Asia on a short fuse: Nuclear politics and the future of global disarmament (2. Baskı). Yeni Delhi ve Karaçi: Oxford University Press. BJP Web Sayfası. (t.y.) Erişim: http://www.bjp.org/philo.htm
14. Bose, S. ve Jalal, A. (1998). Modern South Asia: History, culture and political economy. Londra: Routledge.
15. Brass, P. R. (1990). The politics of India since independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Brass, P. R. ve Vanaik, A. (2002). Competing nationalisms in South Asia: Essays for Asghar Ali Engineer. Yeni Delhi: Orient Longman.
17. Bryent, E. (2001). The quest for the origins of Vedic Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. Chacko, P. (2019). Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism. Modern Asian Studies, 53(2), 377-410.
19. Chakrabarty, D. (2002). Habitations of modernity: Essays in the wake of subaltern studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20. Chandra, J. (1959). Âlemgîr’s grant to a Brahmin. JPHS, 7, 99-100.
21. Chandra, U. (2020). The making of a Hindu India. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/8/24/the-making-of-a-hindu-india
22. Chandra, S. (2015). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Yeni Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.
23. Chatterjee, P. (1986). Nationalist thought and the colonial World: A derivative discourse. Londra: Zed Books.
24. Chatterji, A. P. (2004). The biopolitics of Hindu nationalism. Cultural Dynamics, 16(2/3), 319-372.
25. Chettry, A. T. (2018). Unravelling the myth: Exploring state and religion under aurengzeb. Global Journal of Archaeology & Anthropology, 6(3), 48-53.
26. Chaturvedi, V. (2003). Vinayak and me: Hindutva and the politics of naming. Social History, 28(2), 155-173.
27. Copland, I. (2005). State, community and neighbourhood in princely North India, c. 1900-1950. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
28. Corbridge, S. ve Harriss, J. (2000). Reinventing India. Cambridge: Polity Press.
29. Cöhce, S. (1996). Gazneli Mahmud dönemine kadar Hindistan’da Türk varlığı. Erdem, 9(27), 123-129.
30. Cöhce, S. (2002). Hindistan’da kurulan Türk devletleri. H. C. Güzel vd. (haz.) Türkler Ansiklopedisi (Cilt 8). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 689-730.
31. Dalmia, V. (1997). The nationalisation of Hindu traditions: Bharatendu and nineteenth centruy Banares. Yeni Delhi: Oxford University Press.
32. Dalmia, V. (2003). Orienting India: European knowledge formation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Yeni Delhi: Three Essays Collective.
33. Dayalan, D. (2018). Ancient seaports on the Western coast of India: The hub of maritime silk route network. Acta Via Servica, 3(2), 49-72.
34. Elst, K. (2001a). The saffron swastika: The notion of Hindu fascism (Cilt 2). Yeni Delhi: Voice of India.
35. Elst, K. (2001b). Decolonising the Hindu mind, ideological development of Hindu revivalism. Yeni Delhi: Rupa.
36. Golwalkar, M. S. (1939). We or our nationhood defined. Nagpur: Bharat Publications.
37. Gosh, J. (2020). Hindutva, economic liberalism and the abuse of economic statics in India. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (SAMAJ), 24/25.
38. Graham, B. D. (1990). Hindu nationalism and Indian politics: The origins and development of the Jana Sangh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39. Greenfeld L. (1992). Nationalism: Five roads to modernity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
40. Hansen, T. B. (1999). The saffron wave: Democracy and Hindu nationalism in modern India. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
41. Jaffrelot, C. (1996). The Hindu nationalist movement and Indian politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of identity-building, implantation and mobilisation. Yeni Delhi: Viking.
42. Jha, S. (2008). Trade, institutions and religious tolerance: Evidence from India. Stanford University Graduate School of Business, Research Paper No. 2004. Erişim: https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/working-papers/trade-institutions-religious-tolerance-evidence-india
43. Jha, D. (2020). The apostle of hate: Historical records expose the lie that Nathuram Godse left the RS. Caravan. Erişim: https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/historical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss
44. Jhingran, S. (1996). Religion and communalism. Bidwai, P., Harbans Mukhia, H. ve Vanaik, A. (Ed.). Religion, religiosity and communalism. Yeni Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 75-86.
45. Kamat, J. (2000). Remembering Veer Savarkar. Erişim: http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/vds.htm
46. Kanungo, P. (2008). Hindutva's fury against Christians in Orissa. Economic and Political Weekly, 43(37), 16-19.
47. Karunakaran, K. P. (1975). Indian politics from Dadabhai Naraojee to Gandi. Yeni Delhi: Gilanjali Prakashan.
48. Kinnvall, C. ve Svensson, T. (2010). Hindu nationalism, diaspora politics and nation-building in India. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 64(3), 274-292.
49. Konukçu, E. (2002). Bâbürlüler: Hindistan’daki Temürlüler. Türkler ansiklopedisi (Cilt 5). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 1330-1350.
50. Konukçu, E. (1991). Bâbürlüler. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (Cilt 4). İstanbul. Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 400-404.
51. Lewy, G. (1974). Religion and revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Madhok, B. (1982). Rationale of Hindu state. Yeni Delhi: Indian Book Gallery.
53. Mahurkar, U. ve Halarnkar, S. (1999). Unprecedented attacks against Churches and Christians in several parts of India reveal violent new game plan of Hindutva’s fringe. India Today. Erişim: https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19990111-unprecedented-attacks-against-churches-and-christians-in-several-parts-of-india-reveal-violent-new-game-plan-of-hindutvas-fringe-779827-1999-01-11
54. Malik, Y. K. ve Singh, V. B. (1994). Hindu nationalists in India: The rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Boulder: Westview.
55. Mallory, J. P. (1985). In search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, archaeology and myth. Londra: Thames and Hudson.
56. Mayaram, S. (1997). Resisting regimes: Myth, memory and the shaping of a Muslim identity. Yeni Delhi: Oxford University Press.
57. Metcalf, T. (1995). Ideologies of the raj. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
58. Mohammad-Arif, A. ve Naudet, J. (2020). Introduction, academia, scholarship and the challenge of Hindutvaism: Making sense of India’s authoritarian turn. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (SAMAJ), 24/25.
59. Muller, F. M. (1888). Biographies of words and the home of the Aryas. Londra: Longmans, Greens and Co.
60. Muralidharan, S. (2005). L. K. Advani's Pakistan Yatra: Historical revisionism. Economic and Political Weekly, 40(24), 2381-2383.
61. Nizami, K. A. (1995). Evrengzîb. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (Cilt 11). İstanbul. Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 537-539.
62. Nussbaum, M. (2009). The clash within: Democracy, religious violence, and India’s future. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
63. Pandey, G. (1990). The construction of communalism in Colonial North India. Yeni Delhi: Oxford University Press.
64. Panikkar, K. N. (Ed.). (1991). Communalism in India: History, politics and culture. Yeni Delhi: Manohar Books.
65. Pattanaik, D. D. (2005). The Swadeshi movement: Culmination of cultural nationalism. Orissa Review, 9-16.
66. Prasad, B. (Ed.). (1980). A revolutionary’s quest: Selected writings of Jayaprakash Narayan. Yeni Delhi: Oxford University Press.
67. PTI. (2021). RSS Chief advocates ‘Akhand Bharat’, says Pakistan in distress ever since partitioned from India. The Indian Express. Erişim: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rss-chief-advocates-akhand-bharat-says-pakistan-in-distress-ever-since-partitioned-from-india-7204680/
68. Raafi, M. (2020). Betrayed: In Jammu, growing regret over support for scrapping of article 370. The Wire. Erişim: https://thewire.in/rights/jammu-kashmir-amendments-article-370-bjp
69. Rampal, N. (2019). Article 370: Revisiting elections manifestos, BJP’s push and Congress’s silence. India Today. Erişim: https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/jammu-and-kashmir-article-370-revisiting-election-manifestos-bjp-push-and-congress-silence-1577579-2019-08-05
70. Rızwanullah. (2017). 19. Yüzyılda Hindistan’da Müslümanlar ve Hristiyanlar arasındaki dini tartışmalar (İzharü’l-Hak örneği). Yayınlanmamış Yükseklisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
71. Salik, A. M. (1982). Muslim Sakafet Hindustan me. Lahor: İdara Sakafet-i İslamiye Lahor.
72. Samrat. (2021). The Hindutva ideal of Akhand Bharat has held firm but its spatial, chronological extents remain hazy. Firstpost. Erişim: https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-hindutva-ideal-of-akhand-bharat-has-held-firm-but-its-spatial-chronological-extents-remain-hazy-9313531.html
73. Savarkar, V. D. (1989). Hindutva. Yeni Delhi: Bharti Sahitya Sadan.
74. Savaş, M. M. (2020). Âlemgir Şah’ın (Evrengzib) Hindu politikaları ve bunun üzerine bir değerlendirme. Academic Platform Journal of Islamic Research (APJIR), 4(3), 291-303.
75. Shankar, K. (2019). The triumph of Indian right: Reasons and ramifications. Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center, Asia Program.
76. Shuja, S. (2005). Indian secularism: Image and reality. Contemporary Review, 287(1674), 38-42.
77. Sit, M. W. (2019). Hindu nationalism and its impact on Kashmir. Geopolitical Monitor. Erişim: https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/hindu-nationalism-and-its-impact-on-kashmir/
78. Snehi, Y. (2003). Hindutva as an ideology of cultural nationalism. Social Change, 33(4), 10-24.
79. Stefon, M. (2018). Durga. Encyclopedia Britannica. Erişim: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga.
80. The Economist. (2005). Is Hindu nationalism tearing itself apart?. Erişim: http://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=4254416
81. Truschke, A. (2020). Hindutva’s dangerous rewriting history. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (SAMAJ), 24/25.
82. Varshney, A. (1991). India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of nationalism. Asian Survey, 31(11), 997-1019.
83. Varshney, A. (2016). The Bharat Mata Pivot. Indian Express. Erişim: http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jnu-sedition-the-bharat-mata-kijai-rss-bjp-nationalism-debate-sedition-narendra-modi/
84. Vishwadeepak. (2021). RSS-BJP despised in Chandranath Basu’s birthplace, who coined term ‘Hindutva’ before Savarkar popularised it. National Herald. Erişim: https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/rss-bjp-despised-in-chandranath-basus-birthplace-who-coined-term-hindutva-before-savarkar-popularised-it
85. Yadav, S. (2016). RSS and the idea of Akhand Bharat. The Indian Express. Erişim: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/rss-akhand-bharat/