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MODERN STANDART ARAPÇA VE BAZI ARAP DİYALEKTLERİNDE GELECEK ZAMAN FORMLARI

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 52, 179 - 198, 24.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.32330/nusha.863021

Öz

Arap dilinin tarihi üzerine kafa yoran bilim insanları arasında, bu dilin tarihî dönemlerine yönelik çeşitli adlandırmalar yapılmışsa da konu üzerinde tam bir mutabakat sağlanabilmiş değildir. Bununla birlikte, günümüzde, tüm Arap ülkelerince ortak olarak kullanılan standart bir kültür / yazı dilinin varlığından söz edilebilir. Gazete, roman, öykü vb. gibi türler çoğunlukla bu dilde yazılır; genele hitap eden hatip, aydın ve muhabirler de bu dille konuşurlar. Bununla birlikte Arapçanın; konuşulmakta olduğu hemen her coğrafi bölgede, geniş halk kitleleri tarafından günlük yaşamda kullanılan, hatta bazen tiyatro vb. türde eserlere de yansıyan birçok dilsel varyasyonunun bulunduğu da bir gerçektir. Bu farklılıklar, Arapça asıllı lehçe veya Batı dillerinden alıntı diyalekt kavramlarıyla ifade edilir. Daha çok konuşmada kendisini gösteren telaffuz farklılıkları ise şive (accent / لُكْنَة) olarak nitelendirilir. Lehçe veya diyalekt, pek tabi ki aynı dile ait ama farklı özellikler sergileyen şubeleri ifade etmekte kullanılır. Bugün farklı ülkelerde veya bölgelerde konuşulmakta olan Arapça dil şubelerinin çok büyük bir kısmının hem telaffuz, hem kelime dağarcığı, hem de gramer yapıları açısından yer yer ciddi denebilecek farklılıklar göstermekte olduğunu; dolayısıyla da bu şubelerin, lehçe kavramı içerisinde değerlendirilebileceğini; bununla birlikte aynı lehçenin konuşulduğu bölgenin farklı yörelerinde de lehçe olarak değerlendirilemeyecek küçük bazı farklılıkların (ağız, aksan, şive vb.) söz konusu olabileceği rahatlıkla söyleyenebilir. Bu çalışmada günümüz Arapçasının standart olan şubesiyle bazı lehçeleri, gelecek zaman işaretleyicileri açısından değerlendirilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Massih E. T. (1974) Advanced Moroccan Arabic, US: The University of Michigan.
  • Abu Amsha D. (2016) “The Future Marker in Palestinian Arabic: An Internal Or Contact–Induced Change?”, Proceedings of the 2016 annual conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association, Kanada.
  • Abu-Mansour M. H. (2008) “Meccan Arabic”, The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, 3/179-187, Brill, Leiden.
  • Aguadé J. (2018) “The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic”, Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. ed. Clive Holes. Oxford University Press, US.
  • Akdağ S. (2018) Kur’ân Dilinin Fonetik Yapısı, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, Berlin.
  • Birini A. (2018) “The Acquisition of Arabic as a First Language”. The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. ed. Elabbas Benmamoun & Reem Bassiouney, Routledge, US.
  • Aldrich M. (2016) Egyptian Arabic Diaries: Reading and Listening Practice in Authentic Spoken Arabic, Lingualism.
  • Kalesi Y. M. (2006) Modern Iraqi Arabic.Georgetown University Press, US.
  • Shorbaji N. (2020) “Prefıxes in Various Arabic Dialects in Comparison of Standard Arabic: Progressive and Future Tenses”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 47, Isparta.
  • Badawi E. (2016) Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar, Routledge, US.
  • Bākellā M. (1983) Mu‘cemu Muṣṭalaḥāti ‘İlmi'l-Luġati'l-Ḥadīs, Mektebetu Lubnān, Lubnān.
  • Bassiouney R. (2009) Arabic Sociolinguistics, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Benmamoun E. (2000) The Feature Structure of Functional Categories: A Comparative Study of Arabic Dialects, Oxford University Press, US.
  • ___________ (2014) “Variations on the Same Theme: Sentential Negation and the Negative Copula in Arabic”. Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XXIV–XXV, ed. Samira
  • Farwaneh & Hamid Ouali. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
  • Brustad K. E. (2000) The Syntax of Spoken Arabic, Georgetown University Press, US.
  • Coghill E. (2020) “Neo-Aramaic”, Arabic and Contact-Induced Change. ed. Christopher Lucas & Stefano Manfredi. Language Science Press, Berlin.
  • Comrie B. (1991) “On the Importance of Arabic”. Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics III, ed. Bernard Comrie & Mushira Eid. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
  • Cowell M. W. (2005) A Reference Grammar Of Syrian Arabic, Georgetown University Press US.
  • D’Anna L. (2020) “Arabic in the Diaspora”. Arabic and Contact-Induced Change, ed. Christopher Lucas & Stefano Manfredi, Language Science Press, Berlin.
  • Eifan E. (2017)Grammaticalization in Urban Hijazi Arabic, The University of Manchester, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Manchester.
  • Esseesy M. (2007) “Grammaticalization”, The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 2/191-198, Brill, Leiden.
  • Freeman A. (2002) “Why There is No Koiné in Sanʕaaʔ, Yemen”. Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XVI. ed. Sami Boudelaa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
  • Gadalla H. A. H. (2004) Comparative Morphology of Standard and Egyptian Arabic, Lincom Europa, München.
  • Holes C. (2018) Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches, Oxford University Press, US.
  • Hoogland J. (2018) The Routledge Introductory Course in Moroccan Arabic, Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
  • Horesh U. (2009) “Tense”, The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 4/454-458, Brill, US.
  • Hussein L. (1993) Levantine Arabic for Non-Natives: A Proficiency-Oriented Approach, Yale University Press, US.
  • İbnu Manẓūr (1981) Lisānu’l-‘Arab. nşr. ‘Abdullāh ‘Alī el-Kebīr ve dğr, Dāru’l-Me‘ārif, Ḳāhire.
  • Jarad N. I. (2013) “The Evolution of the B-Future Marker in Syrian Arabic”. Lingua Posnaniensis.
  • Jones A. (2006) Arabic Through the Qur'ān, The Islamic Texts Society, UK.
  • Kılıç H. (Ts.) Sarf: Arapça Dil Bilgisi, Seyda Kitabevi, Diyarbakır.
  • Komisyon (Ts.) Moroccan Arabic, Hey’etu’s-Selâm, Mağrib.
  • Kreidler C. W. (1997) Describing Spoken English.: Routledge, US.
  • Leddy-Cecere T. (2020) “Contact-induced Grammaticalization between Arabic Dialects”. Arabic and Contact-Induced Change. ed. Christopher Lucas & Stefano Manfredi, Language Science Press, Berlin.
  • Louis S. (2009) Kallimni Arabi fi Kull Haaga: A Higher Advanced Course in Spoken Egyptian Arabic, The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.
  • Lucas, C. (2020) “Introduction”, Arabic and Contact-Induced Change. ed. Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi, Language Science Press, Berlin.
  • McLoughlin L. J. (2003) Colloquial Arabic: Levantine, Routledge, US.
  • Omar M. K. (1976) Levantine and Egyptian Arabic: Comparative Study, Department of State Foreign Service Institute, US.
  • Ouali H. (2018) “The Syntax of Tense in Arabic”. The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, ed. Elabbas Benmamoun, Reem Bassiouney, Routledge, US.
  • Owens J. (2006) A Linguistic History of Arabic, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • ___________(2018) “Dialects (speech communities), the Apparent Past, and the Grammaticalization: Towards on Understanding of the History of Arabic”. Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. ed. Clive Holes, Oxford University Press, US.
  • Palva H. (2008) “Northwest Arabian Arabic”, The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, 3/400-408, Brill, Leiden.
  • Petrova Y. (2014) “The Compound Tense Forms in Egyptian Arabic”, Romano-Arabica. 14.
  • Qafisheh H. A. (1977) A Short Reference Grammar of Gulf Arabic, University of Arizona Press, US.
  • Qafisheh H. A. (1984) Yemeni Arabic I-II, University of Arizona, US.
  • Ryding K. (2014) Arabic: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press, UK.
  • ___________(2005) Formal Spoken Arabic, Georgetown University Press, US.
  • Saidat E. (2010) “Future Markers in Modern Standard Arabic and Jordanian Arabic: A Contrastive Study”, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 3.
  • Tonsi A. (2010) Kalaam Gamiil: An Intensive Course in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.
  • Tural H. (2016) Arapça Gramer ve İ‘rab Teknikleri, İFAV, İstanbul.
  • Vardar B. (2002) Açıklamalı Dilbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü, Multilingual Yay, İstanbul.
  • Watson J. C. E. (2002) The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press, US.
  • Wer E. (2007) “Jordanian Arabic (Amman)”. The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 2/505-517, Brill, Leiden.
  • Zahrani M. A. (2020) “Hypothetical and Counterfactual Mood Markers: Hierarchical Placement”. The International Journal of Arabic Linguistics (IJAL). 1,2, 6/167-191.

Future Markers in Modern Standard Arabic and Some Arabic Dialects

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 52, 179 - 198, 24.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.32330/nusha.863021

Öz

Today, the Arabic language is spoken by more than 300 million people in more than 20 countries and has an important place among the world's languages with its richness and diversity of dialects and accents. These dialects, each of which has its own phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical features; present a very different typological aspect, especially in terms of verb tense markers. Perhaps the most striking of the structures used to mark the tense of action in the Arabic dialects spoken today are future tense markers. Because these markers vary according to almost every dialect, they exceed 20 in number. Some of these markers, all of which are brought before the verb, are procilitics, while others are clitics / prefixes. Whether in preform or prefix form, these structures have the function of indicating the future tense and have been produced through the grammaticalization of some structures that were previously lexical units. In terms of these future tense markers mentioned in this concise research, Modern Standard Arabic and some important Arabic dialects that continue to be spoken today are discussed. The dialects that we discuss in this article are seen in such as Egypt, Oman, Palestine, Jordan, Yemen, Algeria, Libya and Morocco.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Massih E. T. (1974) Advanced Moroccan Arabic, US: The University of Michigan.
  • Abu Amsha D. (2016) “The Future Marker in Palestinian Arabic: An Internal Or Contact–Induced Change?”, Proceedings of the 2016 annual conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association, Kanada.
  • Abu-Mansour M. H. (2008) “Meccan Arabic”, The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, 3/179-187, Brill, Leiden.
  • Aguadé J. (2018) “The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic”, Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. ed. Clive Holes. Oxford University Press, US.
  • Akdağ S. (2018) Kur’ân Dilinin Fonetik Yapısı, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, Berlin.
  • Birini A. (2018) “The Acquisition of Arabic as a First Language”. The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. ed. Elabbas Benmamoun & Reem Bassiouney, Routledge, US.
  • Aldrich M. (2016) Egyptian Arabic Diaries: Reading and Listening Practice in Authentic Spoken Arabic, Lingualism.
  • Kalesi Y. M. (2006) Modern Iraqi Arabic.Georgetown University Press, US.
  • Shorbaji N. (2020) “Prefıxes in Various Arabic Dialects in Comparison of Standard Arabic: Progressive and Future Tenses”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 47, Isparta.
  • Badawi E. (2016) Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar, Routledge, US.
  • Bākellā M. (1983) Mu‘cemu Muṣṭalaḥāti ‘İlmi'l-Luġati'l-Ḥadīs, Mektebetu Lubnān, Lubnān.
  • Bassiouney R. (2009) Arabic Sociolinguistics, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Benmamoun E. (2000) The Feature Structure of Functional Categories: A Comparative Study of Arabic Dialects, Oxford University Press, US.
  • ___________ (2014) “Variations on the Same Theme: Sentential Negation and the Negative Copula in Arabic”. Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XXIV–XXV, ed. Samira
  • Farwaneh & Hamid Ouali. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
  • Brustad K. E. (2000) The Syntax of Spoken Arabic, Georgetown University Press, US.
  • Coghill E. (2020) “Neo-Aramaic”, Arabic and Contact-Induced Change. ed. Christopher Lucas & Stefano Manfredi. Language Science Press, Berlin.
  • Comrie B. (1991) “On the Importance of Arabic”. Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics III, ed. Bernard Comrie & Mushira Eid. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
  • Cowell M. W. (2005) A Reference Grammar Of Syrian Arabic, Georgetown University Press US.
  • D’Anna L. (2020) “Arabic in the Diaspora”. Arabic and Contact-Induced Change, ed. Christopher Lucas & Stefano Manfredi, Language Science Press, Berlin.
  • Eifan E. (2017)Grammaticalization in Urban Hijazi Arabic, The University of Manchester, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Manchester.
  • Esseesy M. (2007) “Grammaticalization”, The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 2/191-198, Brill, Leiden.
  • Freeman A. (2002) “Why There is No Koiné in Sanʕaaʔ, Yemen”. Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XVI. ed. Sami Boudelaa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
  • Gadalla H. A. H. (2004) Comparative Morphology of Standard and Egyptian Arabic, Lincom Europa, München.
  • Holes C. (2018) Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches, Oxford University Press, US.
  • Hoogland J. (2018) The Routledge Introductory Course in Moroccan Arabic, Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
  • Horesh U. (2009) “Tense”, The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 4/454-458, Brill, US.
  • Hussein L. (1993) Levantine Arabic for Non-Natives: A Proficiency-Oriented Approach, Yale University Press, US.
  • İbnu Manẓūr (1981) Lisānu’l-‘Arab. nşr. ‘Abdullāh ‘Alī el-Kebīr ve dğr, Dāru’l-Me‘ārif, Ḳāhire.
  • Jarad N. I. (2013) “The Evolution of the B-Future Marker in Syrian Arabic”. Lingua Posnaniensis.
  • Jones A. (2006) Arabic Through the Qur'ān, The Islamic Texts Society, UK.
  • Kılıç H. (Ts.) Sarf: Arapça Dil Bilgisi, Seyda Kitabevi, Diyarbakır.
  • Komisyon (Ts.) Moroccan Arabic, Hey’etu’s-Selâm, Mağrib.
  • Kreidler C. W. (1997) Describing Spoken English.: Routledge, US.
  • Leddy-Cecere T. (2020) “Contact-induced Grammaticalization between Arabic Dialects”. Arabic and Contact-Induced Change. ed. Christopher Lucas & Stefano Manfredi, Language Science Press, Berlin.
  • Louis S. (2009) Kallimni Arabi fi Kull Haaga: A Higher Advanced Course in Spoken Egyptian Arabic, The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.
  • Lucas, C. (2020) “Introduction”, Arabic and Contact-Induced Change. ed. Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi, Language Science Press, Berlin.
  • McLoughlin L. J. (2003) Colloquial Arabic: Levantine, Routledge, US.
  • Omar M. K. (1976) Levantine and Egyptian Arabic: Comparative Study, Department of State Foreign Service Institute, US.
  • Ouali H. (2018) “The Syntax of Tense in Arabic”. The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, ed. Elabbas Benmamoun, Reem Bassiouney, Routledge, US.
  • Owens J. (2006) A Linguistic History of Arabic, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • ___________(2018) “Dialects (speech communities), the Apparent Past, and the Grammaticalization: Towards on Understanding of the History of Arabic”. Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. ed. Clive Holes, Oxford University Press, US.
  • Palva H. (2008) “Northwest Arabian Arabic”, The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, 3/400-408, Brill, Leiden.
  • Petrova Y. (2014) “The Compound Tense Forms in Egyptian Arabic”, Romano-Arabica. 14.
  • Qafisheh H. A. (1977) A Short Reference Grammar of Gulf Arabic, University of Arizona Press, US.
  • Qafisheh H. A. (1984) Yemeni Arabic I-II, University of Arizona, US.
  • Ryding K. (2014) Arabic: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press, UK.
  • ___________(2005) Formal Spoken Arabic, Georgetown University Press, US.
  • Saidat E. (2010) “Future Markers in Modern Standard Arabic and Jordanian Arabic: A Contrastive Study”, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 3.
  • Tonsi A. (2010) Kalaam Gamiil: An Intensive Course in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.
  • Tural H. (2016) Arapça Gramer ve İ‘rab Teknikleri, İFAV, İstanbul.
  • Vardar B. (2002) Açıklamalı Dilbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü, Multilingual Yay, İstanbul.
  • Watson J. C. E. (2002) The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press, US.
  • Wer E. (2007) “Jordanian Arabic (Amman)”. The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 2/505-517, Brill, Leiden.
  • Zahrani M. A. (2020) “Hypothetical and Counterfactual Mood Markers: Hierarchical Placement”. The International Journal of Arabic Linguistics (IJAL). 1,2, 6/167-191.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dil Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ahmet Şen

Soner Akdağ

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ocak 2021
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 52

Kaynak Göster

APA Şen, A., & Akdağ, S. (2021). MODERN STANDART ARAPÇA VE BAZI ARAP DİYALEKTLERİNDE GELECEK ZAMAN FORMLARI. Nüsha, 21(52), 179-198. https://doi.org/10.32330/nusha.863021