Composition & biological activity of Cyperus rotundus L. tuber volatiles from Saudi Arabia

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the composition of the oil of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes collected in Saudi Arabia, and to evaluate in vitro cytotoxic, antimicrobial and mosquito mortality activities of both the oil and the alcoholic extract of the aforementioned plant. Nineteen compounds were identified by GC-FID and GC-MS, of which α-cyperone (21.1%) and 4-oxo-α-ylangene (12.8%) were the major components. The essential oil recovered with diethyl ether demonstrated potent cytotoxic activities against colon (HCT-116), hepatocellular (Hep G-2) and breast (MCF-7) human cancer cell lines with IC50s of 1.06, 1.17 and 2.22 μg/mL, respectively. This oil also showed a comparable zone of inhibition against the gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and the gram negative bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enteritidis when compared to the standard drugs ampicillin and gentamycin. The ethanolic extract showed moderate activity against human cancer cells and pathogens. The essential oil was significantly more toxic to 1st instar Aedes aegypti larvae than the ethanol extract; however, the ethanol extract was more toxic to adult Ae. aegypti than the essential oil. Based on the results obtained, C. rotundus collected from Riyadh city could provide a potential and cheap source of biologically active compounds.

Kaynakça

1. Aghassi, A., Naeemy, A. & Feizbakhsh, A. (2013). Chemical composition of the essential Oil of Cyperus rotundus L. from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16(3), 382-386.
2. Benelli, G. & Mehlhorn, H. (2016). Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control. Parasitology Research, 115, 1747-1754.
3. Campos, G. S., Bandeira, A. C. & Sardi, S. I. (2015). Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21, 1885-1886.
4. Chen, H. Y., Lin, Y. H., Su, I. H., Chen, Y.C., Yang, S. H. & Chen, J. L. (2014). Investigation on Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhea: implication from a nationwide prescription database in Taiwan. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 22(1), 116-125.
5. El-Gohary, H. (2004). Study of essential oils of the tubers of Cyperus rotundus L. and Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 42, 157-164.
6. El-Rokiek, K., El-Din, S. & Sharara, F. (2010). Allelopathic behaviour of Cyperus rotundus L. on both Chorchorus olitorius (broad leaved weed) and Echinochloa Crus-Galli (Grassy weed) associated with soybean. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 50(3), 274-279.
7. ESO 2000. The Complete database of essential oils, Boelens Aroma chemical information service, the Netherlands, 1999.
8. Hemaiswarya, S., Kruthiventi, A. K. & Doble, M. (2008).

9. Synergism between natural products and antibiotics against infectious diseases. Phytomedicine, 15(8), 639-652.
10. Imam, H., Zarnigar, Sofi, G., Seikh, A. & Lone, A. (2014). The incredible benefits of Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus). International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, 4(1), 23-27.
11. Itagaki, H., Hagino, S., Kato, S., Kobayashi, T. & Umeda, M. (1991). An in vitro alternative to the Draize eye-irritation test: Evaluation of the crystal violet staining method. Toxicology in Vitro, 5(2), 139-143.
12. Joulain, D. & Koenig, W. (1998). The Atlas of Spectra Data of Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons, Hamburg: EB-Verlag.
13. Kilani, S., Ben Sghaier, M., Limem, I., Bouhlel, I., Boubaker, J., Bhouri, W., Skandrani, I., Neffatti, A., Ben Ammar, R., Dijoux-Franca, M.G., Ghedira, K. & Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2008a). In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the tubers infusion and extracts of Cyperus rotundus. Bioresource Technology, 99(18), 9004-9008.
14. Kilani, S., Ledauphin, J., Bouhlel, I., Ben Sghaier, M., Boubaker, J., Skandrani, I., Mosrati, R., Ghedira, K., Barillier, D. & Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2008b). Comparative study of Cyperus rotundus essential oil by a modified GC/MS analysis method. Evaluation of its antioxidant, cytotoxic, and apoptotic effects. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 5(5), 729-742.
15. Kilani, S., Zied, G., Nouha, N., Mounira, K., Kamel, G., Genvieve, F.D. & Leila, G.C. (2014). Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and apoptotic activities of Cyperus rotundus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7(2), 105-112.
16. Koenig, W., Joulain, D. & Hochmuth, D. (2004). Terpenoids and Related Constituents of Essential Oils, Hamburg, Germany: MassFinder 3.
17. Kumar, K.H. & Khanum, F. (2013). Hydroalcoholic extract of cyperus rotundus ameliorates H2O2-induced human neuronal cell damage via its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic machinery. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 33(1), 5-17.
18. Lawal, O. A. & Oyedeji, A. O. (2009). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Cyperus rotundus L. from South Africa. Molecules, 14, 2909-2917.
19. McLafferty, F. & Stauffer, D. (1989). The Wiley/NBS Registry of Mass Spectral Data, New York: Sons JWa.
20. Meepagala, K. M., Becnel, J. J. & Estep, A. S. (2015).
21. Phomalactone as the active constituents against mosquitoes from Nigrospora spherica, Agricultural Science, 6, 1195-1201.
22. Mohammed, G. F. (2014). Topical Cyperus rotundus oil: a new therapeutic modality with comparable efficacy to Alexandrite laser photo-epilation. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 34(2), 298-305.
23. Mohsin, A., Shah, A., Al-Yahya, M., Tariq, M., Tanira, M. & Ageel, A. (1989). Analgesic antipyretic activity and phytochemical screening of some plants used in traditional Arab system of medicine. Fitoterapia, 60, 174-177.
24. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) (2004). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 16th informational supplement, M100-S14. NCCLS, Wayne, PA.
25. Oh, G. S., Yoon, J., Lee, G. G., Kwak, J. H. & Kim, S. W. (2015). The Hexane fraction of Cyperus rotundus prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the inhibition of liver X receptor alpha-mediated activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 43(3), 477-494.
26. Parsons, W. & Cuthbertson, E. (1992). Noxious Weeds of Australia, Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
27. Pirzada, A. M., Ali, H. H., Naeem, M., Latif, M., Bukhari, A. H. & Tanveer, A. (2015). Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 174, 540-560.
28. Uddin, S J., Mondal, K., Shilpi, J. A. & Rahman, M. T. (2006). Antidiarrhoeal activity of Cyperus rotundus. Fitoterapia, 77(2), 134-136.
29. Weenen, H., Nkunya, M. H., Bray, D. H., Mwasumbi, L. B., Kinabo, L. S., Kilimali, V. A. & Wijnberg, J. B. (1990). Antimalarial compounds containing an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl moiety from Tanzanian medicinal plants. Planta Medica, 56(4), 371-373.
30. Xu, H. B., Ma, Y. B., Huang, X. Y., Geng, C. A., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Yang, T. H., Chen, X. L., Yang, C. Y., Zhang, X. M. & Chen, J. J. (2015). Bioactivity-guided isolation of anti-hepatitis B virus active sesquiterpenoids from the traditional Chinese medicine: Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 171, 131-140.
31. Yazdanparast, R. & Ardestani, A. (2007). In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Cyperus rotundus. Journal of Medicinal Food, 10(4), 667-674.
32. Zhou, Z. L., Yin, W. Q., Yang, Y. M., He, C. H., Li, X. N., Zhou, C. P. & Guo, H. (2016). New iridoid glycosides with antidepressant activity isolated from Cyperus rotundus. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 64, 73-77.