HS-SPME and microdistillation methods for the volatile compounds of bergamot fruits cultivated in Turkey

Öz

Bergamot fruits are very important for industries such as cosmetic, perfumery, food and drug. Bergamot essential oil well characterized is used extensively in many flavors and perfumes. In the present study, the bergamot fruits cultivated in Adana were collected in December, 2017. For the isolation of the volatiles in the peels microdistillation and headspace-solid phase microextraction (SP-SPME) techniques were employed. The fresh peels of the fruits subjected to microdistillation were analyzed by GC and GC-MS systems, simultaneously. In the same time, to trap volatile compounds in the fresh peels HS-SPME technique was employed. The fiber was then inserted immediately into the injection port of the GC-MS for desorption of the adsorbed volatiles for analysis. Limonene (32.9, 36.8%), linalool (37.3, 16.6%) and linalyl acetate (7.8, 30.2%) were the major compounds in the peels obtained by microdistillation and HS-SPME, respectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Citrus bergamia,bergamot,microdistillation,HS-SPME,volatiles

Kaynakça

1. Adams, R. P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publ. Corp.
2. Ağalar H. G., Kürkçüoğlu, M., Duran, A., Çetin, Ö., Başer K. H. C. (2015). Volatile compounds of Peucedanum chryseum (Boiss. Et Heldr.) Chamberlain fruits. Natural Volatiles & Essential oils, 2(4), 4-10.
3. Baser, K. H. C., Özek, T., Tutas, M. (1995). Composition of Cold-Pressed Bergamot Oil from Turkey. Journal of Essential oil Research, 7, 341-342.
4. Curvers, J., Rijks, J., Cramers, C., Knauss, K., & Larson, P. (1985). Temperature pro-grammed retention indexes: calculation from isothermal data. Part 1: Theory. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 8, 607–610.
5. Costa, R., Dugo, P., Navarra, M., Raymo, V., Dugo, G., & Mondello, L. (2010). Study on the chemical composition variabilità of some processed bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oils. Flavour & Fragrance Journal, 25, 4-12.
6. Dugo, G., & Bonaccorsi, I. (2013). Citrus bergamia: Bergamot and its derivatives. Boca Raton, FL: CCR Press.
7. Forlot, P., & Pevet, P. (2012). Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) essential oil: Biological properties, cosmetic and medical use. A review. Journal of Essential oil Research, 24(2), 195-201.
8. Gök, A., Kirbaslar, Ş. İ., & Kirbaslar F. G. (2015). Comparison of lemon oil composition after using different extraction methods. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27(1), 17-22.

9. Hochmuth, D. H. (2008). MassFinder-4, Hamburg, Germany: Hochmuth Scientific Consulting.
10. Kademi, H. I., & Garba, U. (2017). Citrus peel essential oils: a review on composition and antimicrobial activities. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition, Public Health and Technology , 9(5), 38-44.
11. Karaca, M., Özbek, H., Him, A., Tütüncü, M., Akkan, H. A., & Kaplanoğlu, V. (2007). Investigation of anti-inflammatory activity of bergamot oil. European Journal of General Medicine, 4, 176–179.
12. Kirbaslar, G., Kirbaslar, S. I., & Dramur, U. (2001). The compositions of Turkish Bergamot oils produced by cold-pressing and steam distillation. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13, 411-415.
13. Kirbaslar, S. I., Kirbaslar, F. G., & Dramur, U. (2000). Volatile constituents of Turkish Bergamot oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12, 216-220.
14. McLafferty, F. W., & Stauffer, D. B. (1989). The Wiley/NBS Registry of Mass Spectral Data, New York: J. Wiley and Sons.
15. Merkle, S., Kleeberg, K. K., & Fritsche, J. (2015). Recent developments and applications of solid phase microextraction (SPME) in food and environmental analysis- a review. Chromatography, 2, 293-381.
16. Navarra, M., Mannucci, C., Delbo, M., & Calapai, G. (2015). Citrus bergamia essential oil: from basic research to clinical application. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 6, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00036.
17. Saiyudthong, S., & Marsden, C. A. (2010). Acute effects of bergamot oil on anxiety- related behaviour and corticosterone level in rats. Phytotherapy Research, 25, 858–862.